Now more and more people are willing to speak about jade culture, who hold all kinds of activities related to jade, regardless of the exhibition or sales, will certainly play the banner of promoting jade culture, so, what is the jade culture under the background of contemporary social life? What do you want to promote, and what do you want to promote?
In fact, in the long river of history, jade culture is not an empty concept, nor is it a static and fixed definition. Looking back at our history and carefully studying the time traces left by ancient jade, we can find that jade culture is a dynamic change process, different times, its meaning is not the same, this is doomed to the contemporary jade culture must have the characteristics of the contemporary.
for example, the spring and autumn period and the warring states period of jade culture is the culture of "the ritual", it keep the characteristics of the communication between human and nature on the one hand, on the other hand, with the aid of the physical properties of ideological and moral, jade as "than the gay coat that makes the gentleman in the jade", is the ethics attached to the jade, jade with the physical properties of to establish the thought system, standardize and guide the social with people.
In the qin and han dynasties, the concept of "courtesy" tended to disappear, the symbol of power and political power of jade was highlighted, and the concept of wealth gradually strengthened, and then the cultural track of jade developed towards the symbol of identity and wealth.
By the Ming and qing dynasties, the religious significance of jade has disappeared, jade into the symbol of power -- the royal control of jade mining rights, the use of jade for the royal exclusive...... At this time, jade is the status symbol of the dignitaries, as well as the embodiment of wealth value, but also the carrier of art, with distinct artwork characteristics.
But in the modern age, jade no longer represents power, no longer represents the divine right, no longer represents "rites", even no longer represents wealth... So what exactly is contemporary jade?
In fact, when jade is no longer exclusive to the royal family and enters into the market economy environment, it first has the property of commodity -- jade is a commodity in the contemporary era. Second, jade is different from other commodities. It has its own core characteristics, which are closely related to various social needs. It has both material and spiritual meanings. It can be said that the characteristics of jade artworks are the foothold of contemporary jade culture.
We can see that the rise of jade culture is in China's economic strength gradually enhanced, people in the material level of satisfaction to the spiritual level after the emergence. The consumption of jade gradually enlarges, the audience increases dramatically and the price rises. This phenomenon has become a "cultural hotspot", which is dependent on the influence of art, the philosophy attached to jade itself, and the aesthetic appreciation of art, which is of contemporary significance. When you use the concept of art to look at the jade collection, thinking and value judgment naturally also clear.
Is jade's collection "crazy"
I have heard a saying that what we are seeing now is not crazy at all, at least not the craziest compared to history.
First of all, the ancient people are obsessed with the state of jade, using the communication of heaven and earth, people and nature, contemporary people are not this state; Secondly, we are most familiar with the case is the state of qin used to exchange 15 cities for the bi of heshi - a piece of jade can be equal to 15 cities, that is the real "crazy". Similarly, we can see how jade was used in the qing dynasty: at that time, some big jade was collected from the kunlun mountains in xinjiang, and then all the way back to the capital, plus famous craftsmen... For a piece of jade, its consumption of manpower, material resources and gold and silver is unimaginable today, "crazy" degree staggering. On the other hand, today, the reason why we have a "crazy" feeling of the jade market or our starting point is too low, "crazy" is produced by contrast with the disregard for jade culture and value 30 years ago.
That's an interesting statement, and the question we're going to ask is, what is it about jade that is suddenly developing so strongly in our time?
In essence, the reason why the contemporary nephrite collection shows the trend of explosion is actually the cause of culture, which is caused by the return of culture. As the essence of traditional culture, every Chinese is experiencing traditional culture, including the influence of jade culture intentionally or unintentionally. We left in the language of jade praise, jade idioms too numerous to enumerate, "it is better to be jade broken, not all" is about sentiment, "full of gold and jade" is about wealth, "yan ruyu" is about aesthetic...... Jade is a material full of Oriental cultural characteristics. With the rise of China's economy, Oriental culture is becoming stronger and stronger. Chinese people have innate affinity and yearning for jade, which is expressed when the time is ripe. Therefore, "crazy" shows the yearning, research and learning of the ancient cultural tradition is positive and beneficial.
But on the other hand, at present in the cultural upsurge surging at the same time also exposed the problem, which is due to the expansion of the commodity attribute of jade brought a variety of short-term behavior and utilitarian speculation. For resources, we have seen the drain to catch fish. It is distressing to see the "madness" expressed in such a way.
Conversely, look at how the ancients gathered jade. What is very interesting is that in our ancient time, jade collection is exactly the way that jade culture expresses the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Because in the past, jade mining was the exclusive use of the royal family, whose basic form was to go to the river to collect jade after the outbreak of mountain torrents. Nature will bring downstream seed materials every year, year after year, people enjoy the gift of nature. We don't have enough seed. We need some more mountain material, that's all. Harmonious coexistence with nature is the attitude of culture, and it is also our due attitude to rare resources.
Collection pursues a cultural realm
Jade culture will eventually fall on the specific raw materials and works of jade, also through the collection of behavior to reflect. After we determine the commodity attributes and art attributes of jade, collection behavior also around this positioning.
Can say, jade collection, must be related to money, but not a simple business, to collect good things is not only rely on money can be solved, and for collection, the process is much more important than money.
Let me give you an example. Because of my work, I have to "show things" to others almost every day.
Some people spent more than 60 million yuan to buy more than 100 pieces of "sub-material", as far as I can see, one third of these so-called "sub-material" is dyed, and there is still a large amount of "abrasive", the real value must be far from 60 million yuan. We look at examples like this and ask, why do we see things like this most often?
I think, from the behavior motive is concerned, when take out a lot of money has been used to buy jade, buyers on is not a cultural value, also have no aesthetic and artistic concept, he, jade, is the most to see the appreciation space, because the profitable investment, but, we have said, jade attribute is a commodity, as well as works of art, for jade, no cultural basis what is investment? In practice, investment often evolves into speculation. Since it is speculation, so "steal chicken not corroding rice" it is a kind of normal result.
Spending money, "corroded rice" will have a painful feeling, but this feeling is different from the real experience of collecting. Collection is a happy and painful staggered process, will also occur, inevitably pay tuition, but this process is a promotion of their own culture, taste and appreciation of the process. Through this process, an ordinary collector grows into a first-class expert in identification, an expert in a certain field, and fully enjoys all kinds of happiness brought by collection -- know, understand, this is the enjoyment of life. On the contrary, the purchase without culture is in essence a process of spending money, and its happiness turns into the happiness of possession, thus deviating from the proper connotation of collection.
So, we can see, what is the hidden jade hidden? In fact, the pursuit of collection is a cultural realm, which is the core content, the pursuit of the significance of jade culture also lies in this.
Jade is not advertising can be widely into the field of consumption, because about jade advertising has actually been done for thousands of years. As more and more people like jade, jade culture will further into our life, making our life more colorful. In this process, there are two points to emphasize again: the first is the mentality, do not pick up, but in the collection of attention, measure growth; The second point is to choose the right path, don't listen to the story, believe that all kinds of vague unclear path can bring unexpected "miracle". The reason why we do the special auction of contemporary jade is to build a normal collection path for collectors.
After all, collecting is a process of hiding in music. For jade, materials, age, craft and creativity all need to be studied and judged by collectors. Among them, there are difficult links, and these difficulties are where the fun lies.
Since the beginning of civilization, in so far, Chinese jade after all the changes, in countless skillful craftsman carved, developed into contains deep cultural inside information, artistic treasures with distinctive national features. The Chinese people are deeply rooted in their national feelings, and the jade has been deeply integrated in traditional Chinese culture and etiquette. Jade carving art is the most desirable in the traditional Chinese arts and crafts, is also a precious heritage of the cultural treasure of the Chinese nation, Chinese jade carving is unique among world jade technology field, flashing bright ray of light!
Chinese jade has a long history, as early as the paleolithic age, the Chinese nation is a jade ware, but at the time of the original ancestors did not apply to the distinction between ordinary stone, this period is also known as "jade coexist era". In the late neolithic age, the jade ware gradually separated from the stone tools and embarked on the process of independent development in technology and art. During this period, China entered the first peak period of jade production. In hemudu culture, dawenkou culture, liangzhu culture, hongshan culture and longshan culture site, all have exquisite jade unearthed. Among them, the jade ware unearthed from liangzhu culture and hongshan culture is the most eye-catching. It can be said that the foundation of jade culture is gestation and lay in the remote prehistoric times.
Xia was the first slave country in Chinese history. According to ancient documents, the xia dynasty was a country that believed in jade civilization. As China's first dynasty civilization jade, it is a prehistoric jades inheritance history summary on the one hand, on the basis of overall the style of of primitive simplicity is grave for some implements modelling, decoration and style innovation; On the other hand, it laid the foundation for the development of jade ware in the shang dynasty, and ushered in a new era of aesthetic features of jade ware in the new era, which played a role in the future. Currently known as the erlitou cultural jade, it is the representative form of the xia dynasty jade.
Jade carving is one of the important handicraft industry in the shang dynasty. It has been studied from the design and artistic style of the unearthed jade articles, and its achievements are no less than the bronze wares famous for the shang dynasty. The application of bronze tools in the process of making jade has greatly improved the technology of zhuoyu, and the shang dynasty jade wares have been refined in the aspects of modeling, carving and polishing, and many innovative breakthroughs have been made. In the early shang dynasty, there were few jade articles, such as yuge, tomahawk, shoveling, GUI, cong, knife, and jade, etc., with less variety and coarse cut. The late shang dynasty jade ware is represented by the jade ware unearthed from Yin hui of anyang. In the shang dynasty, the social function of jade ware changed greatly. At this time, the jade ware began to be used as a reward, and only the decorative jade was more than half. Most impressive of all, the shang dynasty has already appeared in China's earliest beauty jade, jade turtle, and began to have a large number of round carving works, can be said that the shang dynasty jade carving technology to a new peak.
Zhou dynasty was a powerful slave state after the shang dynasty, and also a patriarchal clan society. Zhou dynasty paid great attention to the establishment of the ritual system, so it deviated from the development track of shang dynasty jade, and developed into the etiquette jade. The wind of the zhou dynasty is extremely strong, and the jade technique is constantly improved to make the objects beautiful. In the aspect of work, in addition to inheriting the shang dynasty double hook line, it also created a rough side of the slope of the jade craftsmanship. Generally speaking, the western zhou dynasty jade not shang dynasty jade lively and varied, most is given priority to with slice shape, round are few, too rules, slightly dull, this is the western zhou dynasty strict patriarchal clan, custom system also.
In the spring and autumn and warring states period, which lasted for more than 500 years, political leaders were vying with each other for academic and cultural fields. Due to the iron instead of bronze tools, greatly promoted the development of the productive forces, jade handicraft industry to the spring and autumn period and the warring states era there have also been tipping point, craft exquisite, bright jade carving art. Hetian jade in the spring and autumn warring states period, a large number of input to the central plains, the Confucian scholars combine hetian jade and ceremony, ceremony ideas are embodied in hetian jade, jade culture the formation and development of China's jade carving art enduring theory basis, is the spiritual pillar of the Chinese people love jade 7000 fashion. The jade of the spring and autumn period is not the western zhou dynasty when the complanation, contracted, to the direction of hidden up, the heavy and complicated evolution, development to the warring states period, jade technology more mature, technique widely used, such as hollow out, anaglyph world-beating unearthed at the tomb of yi serves multiple class longfeng lines, henan huixian solid wai village unearthed large jade huang wei royal family page, etc., have reflected the warring states jade difficult state of the art. The spring and autumn period and the warring states period, the ritual jade, less peja jade, jade cong, common Juan, choi, bracelet, ring, sword, decorations, accessories, among them with jade and dragon accessories, most in addition to various burial jade jade belt hook, decree, and etc. If from the process level theory, the warring states jade ware is the most exquisite time in the Chinese ancient jade craft history.
In 221 BC, qin shi huang unified the six countries and established the first unified feudal state in the history of China. Terracotta army of qin dynasty are praised as the eighth wonders of the world, but unfortunately, the jade unearthed little, nor the jade emperor, the lack of representativeness, the qin dynasty jade carving art also depends on the underground archaeological discoveries.
The Chinese jade ware reached the third peak during the han dynasty. The han dynasty was a golden age in China's history, with social stability and strong national strength. It was also a period of prosperity and development in the history of Chinese jade. Continuation of the spring and autumn period and the warring states period of the western han dynasty shape characteristic, the change is not too big, the eastern han dynasty in the tradition of western han dynasty jade slightly variation, added strong decorative color, and the western han dynasty the forceful energetic work has been difficult to reproduce, at this point, the bases, YanMao carved jade, etc. Han yu variety is rich, the quantity is numerous, the processing craft is exquisite, according to its social function and the use different, can be divided into the gift jade, the burial jade, the adornment jade, the Chen set jade four broad categories. In the han dynasty, the jade was less than the previous one, while the decoration jade and burial jade increased greatly, and the jade appliances also had a great development. Among them, the most representative of the han dynasty jade features and the craft level, is burial jade and furnishings. Famous was known as the burial jade, display jade is more can reflect the technological level of Chinese jade, jade benma, bears, eagles, jade jade jade to ward off bad luck three-dimensional sculpture, condensing the artistic style of han dynasty is thick and vigorous. In the han dynasty jade carving techniques are becoming more and more diverse, and the techniques of concealing and hollowing are very skillful and widespread, and the high relief and the round carving are also widely used. The thick and thin lines are the characteristics of the jade carving in the han dynasty. It is an important symbol of the jade carving in the han dynasty. "Han ba dao" is also famous for its concise carving style, especially with jade weng zhong, jade cicada and jade pig as the representative, which became a feature of jade carving in the han dynasty.
The symbol of auspiciousness: jade is the object of xiangrui, communicating with the gods and praying for good luck. It is not a superstition, but a custom made up of history and culture.
Four, avoid disaster to protect peace: the spirit sustenance, see jade extremely heavy, the spirit is absorbed, even if encounter accident, because of the mind concentration or can be accidental to escape, reflect people's common wish.
5. Prolong life: it is vain to serve jade, but jade has medicinal properties and is beneficial to human health. The compendium of materia medica contains the jade "sweet and non-toxic" can "run the heart and lungs". "In addition to the heat in the stomach" to "upset" "breathing" "thirst" have a role, such as popular now jade only: Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion societies the standing council marilin rice christiano results, the direction of unity in the brain, brain jade only contact head, pulp can reduce the temperature of the sea, make the person meridian, head of qing Ming, anti-aging.
6. Beauty and beauty: the song dynasty medicine famous "the holy book" : the surface body scar, the real jade daily grind, long time self-extinguishing. The empress dowager cixi is an effective method to make jade grinding surface. In addition to the grinding surface, jade can be used to scar wrinkles and nourish hair.
Any industry needs to have an aesthetic vision, and many people do not pay attention to the important part of the art composition in jade jade. Taking a piece of the same jade jade to different so-called inner families will produce different value judgments. This has a lot to do with the artistic accomplishment of the individual. This creates a huge gap in value judgments between different people.
Therefore, to measure the value of a jade jadeware, we need to analyze comprehensively: texture, process, creativity, beauty application, charm, market cost, etc., to make an objective analysis of value!
Jade jadeware craft:
Many different kinds of jadeite jade carving, basically have figures, flowers, household utensils, birds and animals, etc., to identify the quality of different kinds of jade pieces and value evaluation are different, the main considerations are: jade jade to be creative, the overall design with the nature of the jade, form, color, material is based, to gouge out dirty locks for carvers. To some people can not give people the beauty of jade natural form to pay attention to the broken shape.
The jade piece modelling wants to be beautiful, natural, vivid. The layout of the whole composition is reasonable, and the rules should be dense, distinct and prominent. The carver is meticulous, smooth and smooth, small and neat, fold and dig, hook and bump to meet certain depth requirement. The jade piece surface should be bright and moistened, uniform and uniform in size and size, with uniform shape, smooth over wax and no green powder on the surface.
Summarize the following aspects:
1. Works of the master:
In the museum, treasure house, some of the jade carving works by the master hand. The same material, due to the careful design of the master, the careful processing, make the product outstanding, this also reflects the master's comprehensive ability and level. The value of this jade carving is far higher than the value of the jade carving.
2. Special process:
The art of thin tire, beam chain technique, hollow art, etc., these jade carving works with special craft, the value will also be improved. In the evaluation of the jade jade with special skills, it is necessary to see the painstaking efforts of the jade carving artists, to appreciate and appreciate.
3. The art of beauty:
Qiao color is an artistic creation of jade carving craft. This kind of art can only according to the natural color of jade and natural form "according to the material based on", "according to the carvers to compose, creation is influenced by material type, color change and other human factors limit, we can't kill a good qiao color works creation difficulty is very big, its value is very high. In the evaluation of the use of qiao color, the three levels can be analyzed according to one qiao, two qiao and three.
4. The charm of the work.
When evaluating an emerald jade sculpture, it is often said that the work has a charm. The design is clever, the work is fine, the whole work has the charm, these fine works can not compare with the general jade carving works.
5. Surpass the predecessors:
Modern jadeite jade carving, a breakthrough in the technology, made bold try, on the use of tools in the evaluation of jadeite jade carving treasures and excellent work, the more analysis constitute treasures, many factors, and the factors to constitute a treasure, good comprehensive analysis, comparing with similar works, using the method of market, the cost to evaluate its value, finally make a correct value judgment.
There is a knack for "panning".
Collection, some say, before is with eye "trawling for their own, more popular, there is now a commercial hype makes quite a lot of things let a person can not afford to buy expensive, jade market is also good and evil people mixed up, ordinary people can't afford to buy jade won't buy jade. To this, the director thinks, collect although always hope to have appreciation space, but also should hold a good state of mind, "a few take a few not to take", can find out real gold in this fish and dragon mix.
A true jade is a good choice. The "high price of goods" is the first guarantee to buy real jade. Now have a lot of use "comparison we pretend to be" hetian jade, or use dyeing (jargon "skin") as hetian jade, stone, glass aggregate ChengYu shape (called a "feeder"), in this case, buy a book "roadmap" way already can't give you help (technology makes doing very lifelike imitation jade), which requires professional appraisal.
Take "professional appraisal". There are a lot of collectors who don't want to spend the appraisal, but the tuition is actually paid for, and there are a lot of appraisal companies in Beijing for the antiques market. Investors can also take things to the mining department to issue certificates.
Three take "peace" do not take "follow the wind". There are a lot of people investing in antique market just like investing in the stock market. In fact, there is a lot of music.
From the Angle of engraving to judge the value of jade is "people abandon me to take". When the same thing over the market or the hype, the price will be a bit more peaceful, when the cut is not good! Invest in peace of mind and buy what you can afford.
Jade, it seems, the rally is running, the jade on the earth like some rare animals are fewer and fewer resources, once you have them, it will bring fun to collectors and appreciation of space.
2. Compare from jade and jade.
Abroad the yield jade place more monotonous, the jade color such as Japan, Indian jade with jade is given priority to, its soft jade also in shades of green, the soft jade green, green, was out with ink on jade, near Lake Baikal condom primitive culture out of the white soft jade, but in our country and hetian jade, except for the green, blue, ink and color such as yellow, white jade, notably the suet white jade optimal. Japanese jadeite and jasper, Maori jasper, Indian Maya jadeite texture is lack of warm and crystal feeling, and our country and kanyan jade exquisite and meticulous. Therefore, from jade, jade comparison, and khotan jade is also foreign jade.
3. Compare the jade tools.
The rotatory tools used in the Chinese dressing may have started from the red mountain culture and liangzhu culture in the primitive society, and then gradually developed into a water stool. Japanese, Siberia, Indian Maya and so on what tool to cut jade? Japanese scholars have deduced from the current attack on jade that the ancient jade in Japan was also polished by a rotating tool, and there was no other argument material. In India, in the 19th century YuGong rotational tool icon to this operation, for YiLao YuGong push-pull bowstring to the circular mound rotates with the right hand, left hand holding the jade, estimate inconvenience and low efficiency. The jade tool in this picture is three centuries later than the water bench depicted in "the work of heaven", and is far behind the water bench in its structure and transmission. There is no denying the fact that the ancient Chinese rotary jade tools were the most advanced and perfect.
Jade carving
Compare the skills.
Chinese ancient jade craft has a history of 7000 years, has accumulated rich and valuable experience, the Japanese, European, Maori, the Maya and Arab grinding jade artistry are dust. It is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the grinding skills of the stain du-mu-mughu jade. We admit that we have reached a very high level in the art of the jade carving, and have had a great influence on the late qing dynasty and the modern jade craft. Qianlong had a very high evaluation of the jade, he said in the poem: pu yunkun mountain, engrave India, the west kunqu yield jade, the good craftsman out of the mark, and praise its jade thin like paper, or compared to the cicada wing. He also likes to think it is exquisite: the leaves of the heavy layer, the knife and axe is muddy, fine into the hair, and not the gouge scar, jing engrave the ghost work, but inexplicably he is mistaken for the jade is the water mill. From the existing mughal jade inspection, the fetal thin as paper, but the fetal thickness of the porcelain is also not insignificant. In suzhou, there is also a thin tire, in which the chrysanthemum plate is thin as a cicada, showing a translucent state, indicating that the jade workers in suzhou have the ability to wear the jade very thin. So why is the Chinese ancient jade organ more thick than the thick? This is rare and expensive. If the thought is too thin, a piece of labor, two make the jade material to wear out too much, the three damage jade quality, give a person to be not solid feeling, easy to be confused with the glass, therefore zhi yu does not advocate the work of thin tire. In late qing dynasty jade industry accepted mark stein jade lang Chinese trumpet creeper secco plant pattern and stone setting two characteristics, and development into copy is sweet, it shows that our country YuGong to mark jade craft, hold the attitude of the foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, to absorb the advantages to enrich and develop themselves, and jettisoned its thin body doesn't accord with our national tradition and the shape of Arab and other factors.
5. Compare the function of jade.
Ancient jade articles in our country are closely related to many aspects of social life, and the five aspects of social functions are introduced. The europeans think that Nephrite has the effect of curing kidney disease at the waist, which is a kind of superstition, but the jade tools of primitive society still have certain practical value. The Japanese people's understanding of jade and jade is more complicated than that of europeans. They think that jade, besides decorative functions, has the function of charm, treasure and sacrifice. Arab jade articles are generally limited to living utensils and bottle basins; The Indian Maya jade articles are related to the service of god's officials and sacrificial rites. In addition, jade and decorative jade are still used in life. In short, the social functions of the above-mentioned jade articles are less than the extensive social functions produced by Chinese ancient jade articles.
6. Compare the shape of jade.
Chinese ancient jade system is quite rich. The ancient jade articles in ancient Japan are roughly the following: the ancient Japanese jade articles are limited to beads, tubes, blocks, hooks, pectines and abstract animals. The Maori jade only saw the idol, pei, ax; In the neolithic age of Siberia, only axe, chisel, plate and other tools and utensils, and the modelling is relatively simple; The Arabian jade articles are mainly utensils, which are unique and unique, but also have a simple type. Maya Indian jade system around a bit more than that, there are tools, beads, pipe, sheet, character relief and green like jade, but compared with ancient Chinese jade type system, the mayan jade also appears quite drab.
Compare the decorative patterns of jade articles.
The decorative patterns of ancient Chinese jade articles, including geometric shapes, animals, plants, words and paintings, comprehensive and other subjects. In Japan, Europe, Siberia, Maori and other jade articles are mostly light or simple geometric patterns, little decoration. Among them, the decorative patterns of jade articles such as Maya and Arabia have their own unique style, such as the leaf ornaments of the gladiator of the jade, and the patterns such as the western lotus and the clematis. Maya Indian jade grain is refined with character design, but compared with the Chinese ancient jade pattern decoration, then overshadowed, especially in the history of Chinese ancient jade painting pattern, cut jade unique in the history of the world.
In the late neolithic age, the jade ware had carved or polished products, and the shape was larger and more complex, which could be regarded as arts and crafts. In the neolithic age, which is mainly marked by grinding stone tools, the technique of processing jade stone is the same. The technology of stone making was developed from the development to the grinding system. After thousands of years, the technology of making jade has also experienced the same process. The two may be exactly the same in terms of technology and tools, but the jade ware has other requirements besides being practical, so it is more complex than making stone tools in technical requirements. Jade is not only required to be more polished than stone stone, but also engraved patterns of various patterns, which is for people's aesthetic needs and is a non-practical art decoration. This is very rare on stone tools.
Neolithic jade, has the practical value of with his axe, jade jade, jade knife, YuGe production tools and weapons, such as ornaments with yuhuan, jade, white jade bracelets, jade huang, jade Jue, jade beads, jade tube, etc. This period jade simple simple simple, thick and different, modeling irregular. In the late stage, the jade ware gradually emerged from the stone tools and developed independently in technology and art, and laid a social and technological foundation for the development and improvement of later jade craftsmanship.
With the use of bronze or stone, and the means of production were improved a lot, social productivity was improved, the material wealth of proliferation and accumulation, prompting the emergence of the formation of class and state. The history of the first slaver state in China has not yet been fully revealed and needs to be further studied. Therefore, the situation of its jade is so far unknown, so it has to be neglected.
Slavery was extremely developed in the shang dynasty, and slaves had been put into various social production and living areas. With the development of agriculture, there is a finer division of labor within the handicraft industry. The process of making jade has been separated from the stone making and become an independent handicraft industry. At the same time, the slaves of the shang dynasty created a splendid bronze culture, and the application of bronze tools in the process of making jade made the technology of zhuoyu significantly improved, and the jade appliances gradually replaced the stone tools with bronze.
Shells jade jade with primitive society there is a clear change, the shang dynasty early erlitou culture of YuGe, tomahawk, shovel, keisuke, cong, knife, huang jade and so on, its modelling, carving, drilling, polishing, etc, have reached a quite high level. The jade carvings of people, animals and gods have been greatly increased, and there are many new breakthroughs and exquisite works. At this time, the jade has been turned into a decoration, mostly as handicrafts. Yin ruins in the seven hundred and fifty-five pieces of jade unearthed from the tomb of fu hao, decorative jade alone more than half, more than a ritual and ceremonial, tools, the sum of miscellaneous, great changes have taken place that means ShangYu social function has.
There are many kinds of jade articles in Yin ruins, which can be divided into seven categories, such as ritual, ceremonial, tools, utensils, decorations, art and miscellaneous. There are large cong, group cong, GUI, bi, ring, yuan, huang, jue, gu, dish, etc. For the purpose of ceremonial use, there are goo, spear, qi, tomahawk, knife, etc. There are axe, chisel, adze, saw, knife, spinning wheel, shovel, sickle, etc. Daily life with a mortar and pestle, comb, earwax spoon, Bi, 觽, etc; The number of ornaments is the most, with accessories, hairpin, kushiro, pendant, beads and so on. There are few works of art, and a jade dragon, two jade tigers and a strange bird are all good works of art. Miscellaneous device with, jade, jade Han chain, etc.
Jade carving is one of the important manufacturing of Yin dynasty, from the jade digging modelling design and artistic style and so on, its achievement is no less Yin dynasty bronze ware, just due to the lack of data in the past, people focus on bronze culture, and with few parallel and mutual influence of jade carving art study. Yin hui jade is an integral part of ancient Chinese cultural heritage, which fully embodies the great wisdom and creativity of the jade carving artists in the Yin dynasty. These jade wares found that not only make us to Yin generation of jade carving art has a more comprehensive understanding, but also to study China's history, art history and Yin generation of jade carving issues related to social, economic and cultural aspects all have important reference value.
Zhou dynasty was a powerful slave country after the shang dynasty, and the agriculture and handicraft industry were very developed. The zhou rulers paid attention to the lessons of the shang dynasty and put the system and measures of the slave society in order to maintain and consolidate their rule. In terms of jade, due to important laws and regulations in the rites of zhou dynasty jade is good for the ideal and the connotation, the payoff was zhou yu left the Yin dynasty jade development, to develop in the direction of ceremonial jade, and opened up a jade "dehua", "religious", a new era of "politicising", laid the later on the basis of the theory of "rites" for the study of the ancient jade.
In zhou dynasty, the wind of heavy jade was extremely high, and the sacrificial jade was used in the sacrificial ceremony. Due to the secularization and moralization of the jade articles, everyone is under the white sky. With the wide range of jade, the importance of jade, the choice of jade and the technology of making jade are all over the past. The zhou dynasty constantly improved the technique and design of zhuoyu, the processing and finishing and polishing, making the utensil more and more beautiful. In the aspect of work, in addition to inheriting the double hook line of shang dynasty, there is also a rough slope line, which often makes the outer outline of the eyes, ears, mouth, body and tail, making the shape clear and concise. The thin part multi-purpose Yin line or the parallel negative line, the comparison emphasizes on the plane of the polishing to use the negative line to highlight the contrast, the change, reduces the fluctuation level of the body. This is the characteristics of western zhou yu.
During the spring and autumn and warring states period, which lasted more than 500 years, it was widely used in production because the iron ware replaced bronze tools, which greatly promoted the development of the productive forces and affected the change of the social system. During this period, is in essence behind the collapse of slavery, the feudal system of the advanced the social change period of growth, several political and economic center, appeared in the field of culture and academic "schools of thought contend" in new situation. Qin, jin, yan, qi, chu, wu, yue, ba shu and other local cultures, competing with each other, Shared prosperity and laid a solid foundation for the growth of the Chinese national unity culture. The unearthed situation of jade ware also reflects this historical fact. Jade handicraft industry to the spring and autumn and warring states period had a turning point change, jade production exquisite and extraordinary, in the history of ancient jade written a glorious page.
In the spring and autumn in terms of its social form is a transitional period, reflected in the jade craft also has the transition color, still inherited the western zhou dynasty bronze ware in kwai dragon, phoenix and deformation or imaginary beast decorative pattern, but there has been a fabulous new style. By the time of the warring states period, the proportion of animal subjects in jade was increased, and the craftsmanship was exquisite, and the fierce character and alertness of the carnivorous animals were vividly and vividly displayed.
In the spring and autumn and warring states, there was a great variety of peyu at the time. This kind of social custom has certain effect to the development of jade craft, this is the simple and miniaturization of the jade ware, and the sword, leather belt use jade. The sword was first seen in the spring and autumn period in the warring states period and the two han dynasties, and the common jade articles in the spring and autumn period were cong, Juan, bibi, bracelet, ring, sword, etc., which were the most decorated with jade and dragon. In addition, the jade belt, the seal and various burial jade and so on.
Qin destroyed six countries and established an unprecedentedly strong centralized feudal empire. Han chengqin system, the implementation of the policy of recalculation and increase production, consolidated and developed the unified and powerful feudal state. This period unearthed jade ware, the head is huge, the carved decoration is bold, the variety is numerous, the skill is exquisite. At this time, the ruling class used jade more widely in social etiquette and daily life, and gradually formed a brand new era style. The jade carving art of the warring states period, which is famous for its delicacy, is a major breakthrough and has a great influence on the later jade.
The western han dynasty inherited the characteristics of the spring and autumn warring states. Due to the convenient transportation of donghan, soft jade from xinjiang has been flowing into zhongyuan, and zhuoyu has been further developed. Shape except jade, yuhuan, heart, sword, hook and jade cicada thereof, all sorts of "funerary wares" for human and all kinds of containers, pet products, but also for a large number of to win "" to ward off bad luck the shape, and various shape and decorative pattern has mimic myth's more, full of mystery.
In the wei, jin, southern and northern dynasties, due to the influence of the mass graves, the jade articles were rarely unearthed, so its development was not very clear. From sporadic unearthed jade jade Han, jade, jade belt hook, not much change with the han dynasty, almost difficult to identify. Some of its carver are still refined, some appear to be extensive, the jade is not as bright as the two han.
During the sui and tang dynasties, the economy was prosperous, the culture developed, and the foreign exchanges were close. Chang 'an became an international metropolis. The handicraft industry was very prosperous, and handicrafts were also an important commodity in foreign trade. However, this period jade ware unearthed very little, now know not only jade cup, wear, belt buckle, belt board, jade pin, dagon, and so on few. In the tang dynasty, jade wares and utensils were different from those in the han dynasty and the northern and southern dynasties, and there were a large number of flowers and birds, people's ornaments, and rich life breath. There are more practical cups and bowls, and there are new accessories and jade ornaments which show the rank of the official.
The southern and northern song, liao, xixia, jin and yuan dynasty jade ware developed on the basis of tang dynasty. It's been used since the song dynasty. The practical and decorative jade occupies an important position and is widely spread in the society. Compared with the ritual of sacrificial rites, it is called "plaything", and these jade articles are also highly polished. Due to the influence of the north and the south and the culture of different cultures, the jade articles reflect ethnic and local characteristics. The two song jade articles, with the dragon and phoenix design for many, because of the painting influence, so very attached to the manner. Song dynasty is not only the industrial and commercial prosperity, the trade developed, and prevalence of Taoism and neo-confucianism, which affect the jade carving, depicting the god turtle, cranes, longfeng jade carving is a reflection of the social ideological trend at that time. Xixia, liao, jin and yuan jade articles are mainly flowers, birds, tigers, deer and fish and water decorations, and they are decorated with a lot of accessories. The real thing has cup, wash, belt board and so on; The craft of birds, fish, animals and so on has increased, and the grinding of jade is integrated into the national consciousness of survival and local feeling.
The productivity of the Ming dynasty had a great development, the city handicraft industry, the commercial prosperity, the jade manufacture also quite developed. At this time the trend of jade carving is further secularization. In the Ming dynasty, neo-confucianism was rampant, Taoism and folk beliefs were deeply rooted in the people. People ask for social stability, pray for god's blessing, to achieve the prosperity of the present world. This kind of social requirement is reflected in the craft area is auspicious pattern is very popular. Ming dynasty jade of auspicious patterns such as the eight immortals, samsung fairy, long life, happy, such as text, peaches, ganoderma lucidum, plum, bamboo, orchid, deer, cranes, yuanyang, such as plants and animals, as well as dragon, phoenix, therefore the tiger, such as Angle of end benevolent different birds. Auspicious patterns sometimes become theme patterns, sometimes decorative ornaments, showing the universality and depth of auspicious patterns.
In the Ming dynasty, the tea drinking and drinking of the wind permeated, to the jade pot cup appeared, and more and more, this kind of jade carving is most rich in the sense of The Times. At the same time, after the song dynasty, the ancient style of the Ming dynasty was gradually formed, which affected the jade production. Antique jade originated in the song dynasty, prevailed in the Ming and qing dynasties, mainly with bronze ware and ancient jade to be transformed and cut into.
The art of calligraphy and painting in Ming dynasty further influenced the development and improvement of arts and crafts. At this time, the jade craft is also more or less influenced by the literati paintings, grinding and painting the landscape and poetry, the knowledge. This jade which reflects the taste of literati is not seen in the previous generation. The relationship between jade articles and social and cultural life is also becoming increasingly close. The literati painted and wrote in the study, and they often used jade stationery or jade for furnishings.
In the Ming dynasty, the ruler of the Ming dynasty established the feudal rule by using jade to mark the hierarchy. Different from the previous generation: the number of the ribbons in the official gown increased with the number of jade, and the leather belt of the emperor, the public, the hou, the emperor and the military officials were all decorated with jade plates.
The jade carving in the Ming dynasty has the style of The Times, the blade is rough and powerful, the "three layers of transmission", the carving is very delicate. Beijing, suzhou and yangzhou were the three major centers of jade carving. Song yingxing, "working in heaven", said: "the good worker, although he is a master of Beijing, is a good worker." The jade craft of suzhou was promoted as the first in China at that time, and made a historic contribution to the development and improvement of jade craft in the Ming dynasty. After the mid - Ming dynasty, the jade craft developed faster, and there appeared a number of jade masters, the most famous of lu zioka, the jade that he cut, called "zioka jade". However, in the last working procedure of grinding and fine grinding, there exists the phenomenon of "asking for no work".
The qing dynasty was the last dynasty in the feudal society of our country, which made great contribution to the formation and consolidation of the unified country of multi-nationalities. Under this historical background, the jade got unprecedented development, the formation of Chinese ancient jades history's highest peak, in the beauty of jade, fine workmanship, the shape of the yield, wide use, etc., are in the history of any a dynasty of jade cannot rival.
During the last hundred years, the production of jade in qing dynasty was extremely slow because of the difficulties in the source of jade. The work of jade in this period is similar to the late Ming dynasty. Jade qianlong era on the basis of the growth and development, from the qianlong twenty-five years to enter the heyday, after half a century, and turn to low, or even decline, with the fall of the qing dynasty, ended the history of Chinese ancient jade.
The political value of ancient jade articles is the materialization of social hierarchy, which is the carrier of ancient people's moral and cultural concepts. Jade unearthed from basically has the identity and status of large and medium-sized tombs, the spring and autumn period and the warring states period is the use of the "six" regulation, 6 in different position of officials to use different kinds of jade, known as the "king of the town and Guyana, male of huan, hou cover letter kei, holding the bow guerra, son of valley wall, the male of the pu wall"; From the beginning of the qin dynasty, the emperor adopted the system of jade as the seal, which continued into the qing dynasty. The tang dynasty clearly stipulated that officials use jade system, such as the jade belt system.
In ancient times, jade symbolized the noble character of ethics and morality. The eastern han dynasty about "jade, the beauty of stone, there are five virtues", is to compare the five physical properties of jade to the five virtues: "benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage and jie". Ancient jade ritual functions has been to occupy the mainstream of Chinese ancient jades, "six" is an integral part of a feudal etiquette with the jade, with six different shape of jade as a sacrifice, worship, send, military ritual jade article, this is "bulk" rites "records" to jade for six, heaven and earth square with courtesy, to day, pale wall with Huang Li ground, with green, the east, with red Zhang south, with Bai Huli west, to the xuan sulfonated ceremony "in the north.
The religious function of ancient jade is embodied in the use of jade in totem worship and jade in Buddhism and Taoism. The economic value of jade has never been reduced. In large and medium-sized tombs, more ancient jade articles have been unearthed, besides representing the identity and status of the tomb owners, it is also a symbol of wealth. From the shang dynasty to the spring and autumn and the warring states period, there was the practice of using jade as the currency and jade as the exchange and tribute. In qing dynasty, there was a saying that "old copper jade is not worth the price".
Jade decoration function is always the main function of jade. Including jade beads, bracelets, jade and other human body decoration jade; Jade sword, jade belt, jade belt buckle, etc. Yushan zi, jade vase, jade furnace fume and other display decoration jade, etc.
Among the five functions of Chinese jade, economic value and decoration function are natural attributes of jade, and modern jade still has these two functions. The other three values and functions are endowed by man, which is different from the unique function of modern jade.
Nanyang jade carving of the wolong mountain, use alone the jade color rich, fresh, one of the features, robust layout, with qiao qiao color, fine carving, magnificence, it weighs 3.8 tons, 2.5 meters long, 1.6 meters high, is the biggest giant jade carving in China, is a rare art treasures. Made of selection of dushan jade ring furnace, flowers kaori, absorbing the ancient bronze ware, and other characteristics of the arts and crafts, created the multilayer switch cone kaori huang, modelling of primitive simplicity is elegant, the sophistication, international arts and crafts exhibition held in France, won widespread praise. Chinese jade association Mr Bo-da Yang (former vice President of the Beijing Palace Museum) in March to nanyang dushan jade made this assessment: "cui, thick alone, alone, alone individual", said the nanyang dushan jade for all the jewels, unique, a country can be global.
Three, and the bi.
In the hundreds of years it has passed, it has been hailed as the "treasure of the world". In 1988 officially launched the altar of SMW science choi, and may be dushan jade's point of view, then China gemstone association secretary-general DJ dee, famous valuable jade expert professor Jiang Fu built all agree with this view. The main mineral composition of dushan jade is plagioclase, which is easy to be weathered. Dushan jade jade expected to foil output, i.e., positive look at a piece of jade is a layer of white jade, the side that can appear in zonal distribution of white jade, green jade, violet jade, etc., and "side and depending on the color of jade, and depending on the color of white".
[noway] according to the research. There are four reasons for the offering of bibi and the zhenping of nanyang.
First, nanyang is the key town of chu, and zhenping was the city of chu, bian and chu.
The second, bian and is to know the jade person, at that time zhenping jade many, knew the jade many.
Thirdly, the history of zhenping has also been recorded in the history of "mountain riding on the mountain," the jade material used in the spring and autumn period, which is mostly dushan jade, lantian jade, turquoise and so on. Among them, lantian jade and turquoise are far away from chu mountain and jingshan, but only shan yu is close to chu mountain and jingshan. Bian and the jade that is obtained may be a kind of jade that is produced by dushan jade or zhenping.
Its four, bian and surname bian, jade is and shi bi, zhenping county still has bian zhuang, and camp two natural villages, its villagers claim to be with bian and have affinity. [/ noway]
In April 2008, broadcast by CCTV series "the jade in the spring and autumn", points out that "the wall is made, and became a decree to replace the missing Xia Ding become the treasure of the qin dynasty, the nanyang dushan jade is probably the most brilliant period of history."
4. The sea of jade.
It was made by emperor Kublai Khan of the yuan dynasty in 1265, which was intended to reflect the vast territory and power of the yuan. It weighs 3,500 kilograms and the jade is taken from xinjiang. Judging from the history of jade, it is a landmark work. On May 25, 2004, organized by joint Asian jewelry more than 20 domestic famous jades, archaeology, collecting experts, with valuable jade nanyang association secretary-general comrade zhaoshul brought more than 200 pieces of dushan jade chip, to made in the yuan dynasty "blaspheme Alexander hai" jade jade comparison appraisal, the experts carefully observed, repeated comparison, finally concluded that the "sea of cursing Alexander jade jade" for the nanyang dushan jade. The former chairman MAO zedong, scholar, author, calligrapher wang wenxiang, wrote the inscription of "the sea of the mountains and the sea". Weizai the quantity of wine 300 stone, zhuang zai weight nearly ten thousand jin. The sky is 100 million years old, zhong lingyu cast my soul. Kublai Khan of the yuan dynasty, hui shi sent me most of the door. Hundreds of craftsmen have vomited blood, elaborately carved five autumn spring. Jade sea fine wine fragrant capital, the palace banquet in the hall. At the beginning of the qing dynasty, the fire burned. True wudaoan people do not know treasure, muddy make a dish of a dozen spring. Emperor qianlong had an eye, four times to repair my body. Several generations of Kings have been competing for the right to win. Nanyang came to the golden wing and phoenix, zhuge hometown of the heavy treasure. I am the king of nanyang dushan, seven hundred years of mystery solved.
Jade culture has a history of more than seven thousand years in China, began in the new Stone Age, its history as early as in ceramics, literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, silk, and other forms of Oriental culture, and it had almost no partition in seven thousand. Around the world, there are a few places, like New Zealand and South America, and there have been jade cultures in history, but the boom was over, except for China. It can be said that jade culture is one of the oldest and most representative of Oriental civilization.
In the eyes of westerners, jade is the most representative of Chinese culture and the most mysterious. It is difficult for them to understand that the worship of a certain natural material can last for thousands of years. They like to listen to Chinese friend jade have spiritual, jade can bless the master, to come to China, they could buy some jade, go back to tell the family friend: "we like diamond, Chinese people love jade."
What is jade? The eastern han xu shen has a clear definition of jade in the words: "jade, the beauty of stone, and the five virtues." That is to say beautiful rock, jade's five virtues, can be called jade. The Confucian school of the mainstream of Chinese culture has the highest opinion of jade, and thinks that jade has jade virtues. Only those lofty qualities of jade can become a gentleman and realize the highest state of man. Therefore, one definition of jade is not only the "beauty of stone", but also the "five virtues" of jade.
What is jade's "five virtues"? "Moist with warm, benevolence square also", gentle and moist have the luster, show jade benevolence shi enze, rich benevolence heart; "From the outside, you can know the square of righteousness," the jade has a high degree of transparency, and can be seen from the outside of the internal characteristic texture, which indicates that the jade is devoted to the heart of loyalty; "Its ShuYang, much smell, the party of the think tank", if the percussion jade, clear and melodious musical sound, and can spread to far away places, shows that jade has wisdom and communicated to the person all round; "Not to scratch and fold, yong fang also", with extremely high toughness and hardness, indicates that jade has superhuman courage; "Sharp and not the same, jie fang also", has broken mouth but the edge is not sharp, indicates that jade itself is clean, self-discipline but does not harm others.
About five thousand years ago) "hongshan culture", "liangzhu culture" to about five thousand three hundred to five thousand three hundred years ago, whether the hongshan culture in the north, and south of liangzhu culture, have unearthed a large number of jade products. When jade materials for hauling rocks, diorite rock class, rich decorative pattern, color bright, the jade is very soft, it has to do with the machining tools limited, now only to see the jade in the museum, the auction, generally called the ancient jade.
During the spring and autumn period and the warring states period, jade ware was developed as an important tool for ritual teaching, and the amphibole jade from kunlun mountain in xinjiang was widely used. From the tang and song dynasties to the Ming dynasty, the raw materials of jade were all used in the gemstone jade, which is also known as naphthalene. Hetian is the most important place of origin, so it is also commonly used to refer to soft jade, which can be divided into white jade, topaz, jasper, and black jade. Among them, white jade is most famous. If we only say "jade" now, it often refers to soft jade.
The development of jade culture.
The invention of bronze ware promoted the development of productivity. At this time, the original power symbol, such as GUI, zhang, tomahawk, ge, etc., became sacrificial rites and ceremonial organs.
There are few jade articles in the summer, mainly in the shang dynasty. Early shang dynasty to the middle of the jade jade, jade tomahawk, YuGe, jade guerra, jade cong, yu huang, jade axe, jade, jade jade handle shape, cylindrical and etc, the derived mainly from weapon ceremonial or ritual sacrifices. In the late shang dynasty, jade ware was abundant. According to the statistics of the "women's good" tomb, the spouse of wang wuding, who was excavated in 1976, it can be divided into rites, instruments, practical tools, decorations and so on. Among them, there are large cong, cong, GUI, bir, ring, jue, huang and GUI, etc. This provided the essential condition for the perfect etiquette in the western zhou dynasty. It can be seen from the unearthed jade from the tomb of women and women that the jade carving process of shang dynasty has made great progress in material selection, modeling and production techniques. In the material selection, it has already started to use the pure color beauty and khotan soft jade, especially in the late shang dynasty, and khotan jade has occupied a considerable proportion. In production technology, the independent handmade jade workshop, have not only mastered the tick removal, drill, drill pipe, polishing technique, and can skillfully line is engraved, embossed, round, valuable.such handiwork fuses in together, greatly enhance the jade visual stereo feeling. Shang dynasty jade ware also inherited the three-dimensional round sculpture portrait of a variety of animal images, is the ancient jade in China from the plane to the three-dimensional, from simple decoration to the complex display of a big step.
The day of the king of heaven, with the yellow emperor, with the east of the green, and the south of the red, with the white amber salute, with the north of the xuanhuang. Jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, and jade are six kinds of sacrificial vessels, namely "six organs", also known as "six rui". In addition to the six organs, zhou li also set up a strict hierarchy system for the clothing system of tianzi and zhuhou. For example, the crown of the imperial crown is equipped with a "twelve yi", with 288 jade, jade beads use white jade. And like a "son of heaven peja jade ribbon and xuan group, even if she mountain XuanYu ribbon and zhu group, doctor's beryl and ribbon Zi group, prince, Peggy yu jade ribbon and regard group, then peja 瓀 mei and ribbon Yun group. The old gentleman must be the jade. At this point, the Chinese jade culture has completely stepped into the jade era.
During the shang and zhou dynasties, the appearance of bronze ware tools raised the level of jade, making it easy to cut, grind, line, roll and remove. In the shang dynasty, the royal family had a large workshop, among which there were workshops dedicated to jade, such as the ruins of the shang dynasty jade workshop. In the workshop, jade workers continuously improved the production process, improved the production technology, produced various kinds of jade articles for the court, and formed the situation of making jade prosperous and prosperous. The erlitou site has unearthed many large jade weapons, such as jade, jade dao, etc., and the large ones are more than half meters high, and the thin pieces of jade have appeared in large Numbers at that time, which is the result of the use of copper slicing tools.
Bronze tools is to use advanced technology, the complicated shape of jade production is strong, but copper hardness is not high, at the same time, cut wear jade also in rapid wear itself, it can't affect the fine jade processing and the deep contradiction. In shang zhou jade, it is the decorative pattern, which is called double check rolling. This pattern has the effect of Yang wen, which is also the best effect of the copper tool.
In the eastern zhou dynasty, there was a great deal of fighting among the feudal lords, and the liyu system was badly hit in the early western zhou dynasty. During the spring and autumn period, there was a great debate about the value and function of jade. Mozi was on behalf of civilians emphasizes "because of its power, not born" bad its force, his opposition to the war in plunder advocate thrift, is beneficial to solve people's food and clothing as the measured value of the standard, he points out: "and surname choi, hou beads, six different three spines, the governors of the so-called LiangBao also, can the rich countries, and all the people, punishment policy, state? "No." Means "of the wall, and" the treasures of recognized all over the world, such as can not make the country rich, also can't make prosperous, has no effect on the social stability, so it's not what treasures, just a few rulers luxury, think with the jade "expended, California", for luxury with the jade activities give full negation. On behalf of the new landlord class everything is done are urged to "law" as the center of the "trend of method, technique," combination of capability main ideas, ignoring the jade bring a person the spirit of enjoyment, equate jade with pure material supplies, think "has the practical value of the jade worthwhile". Confucianism founder of Confucius is a more practical attitude, not only love treasure jade ritual vessels, and called for reconstruction of ritual, jade personification, put forward "than the gay coat that makes the gentleman in the jade", from the kernel, knowledge, righteousness, ritual, music, sincerity, truthfulness, heaven, earth, Germany, eleven aspects, such as a detailed description of the moral connotation of jade. His description eventually formed the Confucian jade system, which had a profound influence on later generations.
In the eastern zhou dynasty, jade was popular, and the emperors and the people of the common people all took the jade as your precious treasure, and the jade ware was widely used for sacrifice, decoration and burial. With the shaking of the worship of god and the popularity of bronze ware, the decoration of the jade sacrificial vessel is gradually enriched, which is mainly used for pilgrimage, vows, marriage and funeral, etc. The most notable feature of the eastern zhou dynasty is the popularity of jade ornaments, which marks the transformation of ancient jade from god to man, and the formation of Confucian jade thought marks the formal establishment of jade personification.
After the warring states period, iron tools were widely used, and wrought iron had good forging properties, which could be used to make tools of various shapes, making a big step forward in the shape and wear resistance of bronze tools. Especially forging small tools more favorable conditions, cut grain system requires small tools such as yi, bump, hook, withdraw, hook hook tuo edge thin texture requirements, a long slender hole for collar, search Angle hole for fine wire, these tools with iron and durable, and not brittle. It can be made into thin, long and hard steel collars, which can be used for long and thin holes, which can solve the problem of perforation of large and small holes. Therefore, in the eastern zhou jade, the jade carving process is more rapid, the lines are strong, the drilling is smooth. Tou and inlaid jade technology also reached a high level, in addition to the widespread use of the sword, hook, horses and chariots and other small objects on the outside, in the pot, pot, and other large also started to use bronze, valuable.such handiwork, hollow out hard work at this time also common occurance.
In the western han dynasty, the ceremonial nature of jade was greatly weakened, and besides the bibi and the GUI, there was also a certain function of etiquette, and the decoration function was only available for huang and hu, and the cong and zhang were hardly found. But kind of extremely rich characteristics with the jade way - pray for the dead and buried jade immortality, mainly includes the jade, jade, jade Han, jade is four. During the period of qin and han dynasty in the mature period of jade culture, it was more convenient for China to collect and transport jade raw materials, and xinjiang and khotan had entered the central plains in large Numbers. Emperor wudi of the han dynasty "deposed a hundred families, the only Confucianism", and the Confucian jade system, which was mainly ceremonial and decorative, was greatly supported. Decorative jade has accounted for a large percentage at this moment, are purely decorative meaning and has certain practical qualitative wek-jin, the former, such as dragon, tiger, form page and string act the role ofing, groups, page, etc., the latter refers to hook, Ji and heart-shaped decorations such as her. However, the highest value should be the jade carving and embossed jade, which are found in many works, which are excellent in quality, refined and novel, and have a very important position in ancient Chinese history. The han dynasty jade in the bold, elegant and refined, the unique charm of the world fell.
During the sui and tang dynasties, people were no longer mysterious to jade, and a large number of jade articles became private collections of royal palace nobles, which led to the appearance of jade carving products in the pattern of curiousness and decoration. In the tang dynasty decoration jade is more commonly seen is the jade step shake, this is a kind of metal inlaid jade composite decorations, "step" the jade plate is extremely thin, even the carving has exquisite flower and bird decoration. Another kind is jade belt, the officer robe on etiquette belt of jade, there are strict with the jade system in the tang dynasty, only the emperor, the prince and the doctrine of officials on the clothes to wear, wear the number ranged from 7 to 13. The higher the grade, the more the number. Engraving process on the basis of inheriting traditional jade carving fusion contemporary expression of the gold and silver details, sculpture, painting, and absorb the art of central Asia, west Asia and other places, eclectic, will converge and form the unique artistic style. Jade started the secular tendency in the tang dynasty, the manifestation is the breath of life gradually infiltration, realistic strong, is not mixed with exaggerated color, free-spirited romanticism with the han dynasty had obvious difference.
Song dynasty jade showing a strong tendency of secularization and thick life breath, shape selected topics in everyday life to the realism creation, cater to consumer psychology society, this is due to the prosperity of the town, the development of the business, expanding makes citizen stratum, jade in the service of ordinary citizens has become the trend of The Times. The flourishing of literati painting and calligraphy in the song dynasty, many articles such as pen holder, pen holder, ink stone, paperweight and so on became the objects of the jade craftsman. Song dynasty jade another characteristic is that the emergence of a large number of antique jade, song dynasty thick ancient wind prevails, appeared a extol ancient jade plain, elegant style, this kind of antique jade works for the palace, has the very high artistic value. The Ming scholar gao lian praised "the song dynasty jade, the ancient times, after the bad, helpless song people". In the song dynasty, the engraving method was widely used. It was symmetrical and balanced in shape and ornamentation. It revealed a strong life atmosphere in the shape of the figure, and achieved a high degree of unity of life and art.
Amphibole is also known as soft jade, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 degrees, and a proportion of 2.55-2.65. Its main component is the fibrous mineral of calcium silicate, which belongs to amphibolite. The color of amphibole is more closely related to the lipid of oil, pure color white, commonly known as mutton fat jade, delicate and warm, very valuable, the economic value is extremely high. Also because amphibolite contains a small amount of oxide metal ions and appears green, green, black, yellow and other colors or mixed colors. The pyroxene is also known as jadeite, because it is the best quality for the emerald green, and in China there are also jade.
The hardness is 6.75-7 degrees, and the ratio is 3.2-3.3. Pyroxene is mainly composed of sodium silicate and aluminum silicate, with a dimly crystalline structure, hard texture and high density, with glass luster and crystal clear crystal. Emerald green, apple green, Snow White, delicate lavender, all are the typical color of the pyroxene. Pyroxene (jadeite, such as jade) was widely adopted by Chinese artisans in the 18th century.
Therefore, the vast majority of ancient Chinese jade articles are amphibolite (soft jade, such as khotan jade) products. The mineral composition of hetian jade is composed of diophanite, which is mainly composed of the actinolite, and contains the minerals such as serpentine, graphite, and magnet, and forms white, turquoise, black yellow and other different colors. Most of them are monochrome jade, a few have mixed colors. The jade is semi-transparent and has a lipid sheen after polishing. The hardness is 5.5 to 6.4 degrees. This is the mineralogical jade.
Chinese cultural jade, the connotation is wider. Han dynasty xu shen in "said wen jie zi", said, jade, stone beauty and five virtues. The so-called "five virtues" refers to the five characteristics of jade. It is believed to be jade, which has a strong texture, brilliant luster, brilliant color, dense and transparent tissue, and the beautiful stone of zhiyang zhizhi's voice. According to this standard, the jade in the mind of the ancients not only includes the real jade (amphibole), but also includes serpentine, turquoise, malachite, agate, crystal, amber, red emerald and other colorful stone jade. Therefore, in appreciating ancient jade, we can not only use the modern scientific knowledge to discriminate the good and bad, but also must have the historical perspective.
China is a major producer of jade in the world, not only has a long history, but also has a wide geographical distribution and rich content. According to the mountain and sea scriptures, there are more than 200 places where Chinese jade is produced. After thousands of years of exploitation and utilization, some jade mines have dried up, but some famous jade mines are still being mined in large quantities, providing an endless supply of raw materials for the development of Chinese jade carving art. China's most famous jade land is xinjiang hotan. Hetian jade is the richest, the most colourful, the best quality, the highest price, is an important source of Chinese ancient jade material, the royal family all love to use the hetian jade mill. In addition to hetian jade, jiuquan jade in gansu province, lantian jade in shaanxi province, dushan jade in henan province and jade in the county, xiuyan jade in liaoning, etc., are also commonly used in Chinese jade articles.
There is a famous saying in China, called "the stone of other mountains, you can attack jade", which tells the true meaning of zhuoyu. Wonderful artical excelling nature, in fact, jade, not carved, but using the hardness is higher than the jade of silicon carbide, quartz and dopant of garnet sand "jade", supplemented by water to grinding jade, cut into the design of the finished product. Therefore, in the jargon, making jade is not jade carving, but called zhi yu, or zhuyu, grinding jade, grinding jade. The skill of dressing jade is superb, but the jade tool is simple.
Until recently, the Chinese had been using traditional tools such as circular saws, steel and wrought iron discs, round wheels, drill beds, half-disks and wooden lathes to make jade. In the neolithic and Bronze Age before the invention of iron, most of the tools were even made of wooden bamboo, bone and sandstone. Such a primitive tool, can work out such wonderful jade, is really a miracle.
Lin good jade article, clock divided into four elements: qualitative, modelling, craft, theme, these four elements make jade beyond its "mountain elite" natural attribute, and however the person's spirit: mountains and rivers of the elite, exquisite of humanities. Mountains and rivers of the elite, is material beauty, each piece of jade must figure out it is hornblende jade, or turquoise stones such as jade, agate, serpentine, crystal, further to explore its origin.
The beauty of the humanities refers to the beauty of the jade, the sculpting of beauty and the theme, and the technological and social factors that influence the beauty of the shaping. , due to the different generations YuCai cut jade jade tools and cut techniques, combined with aesthetic taste and the different customs and habits, jade the purpose and the role played by different, jade the modelling of each period and the theme is also each are not identical, and compete to bloom.
Chinese jade has a long history and has a glorious history of seven thousand years.
The ancestors of seven thousand years ago, in the process of selecting the stone maker, consciously made the beautiful stone made into ornaments, dressed themselves and beautified life, which opened the prelude of Chinese jade culture. In the late neolithic period, four or five thousand years ago, the dawn of Chinese jade culture shone brightly. It was separated from the stone industry and became an independent handicraft industry. With the liangzhu culture of the taihu lake and the hongshan culture of liaohe river basin, the jade is the most eye-catching.
Jade is a symbol of royalty and rank, and it is a means of praying for eternal life.
There are many kinds of jade articles in liangzhu culture, such as jade cong, jade, jade axe, trigeminal jade and jade collars. Liangzhu jade to usurp the role of big body, appear dark is rigorous, symmetrical balance has been fully used, especially in bas-relief of adornment gimmick, especially line carving skills up to the later generations also almost dust. The best way to reflect liangzhu is the variety of patterns, the numerous, and the inscrutable jade cong and the animal face feather tattoo.
Compared with the liangzhu jade, the red mountain culture is rare and rigid, but it is characterized by animal jade and round jade. The typical device is jade dragon, jade beast, jade hoop, etc. Cut of hongshan culture jade craft, the biggest characteristic is that the jade artisan can skillfully use YuCai, grasp object modelling characteristics, a few knife, the implements of image depicts lifelike, is very vivid. "Likeness" is the biggest characteristic of hongshan ancient jade. Hongshan ancient jade, do not win by the big, but with the exquisite.
From the liangzhu, hongshan ancient jade from the analysis of large and medium-sized tombs, neolithic jade in addition to worship the 2nd, buried so outside several USES such as resin, and to ward off bad luck, a symbol of power, wealth, and etc. The Chinese jade ware begins with a mysterious color.
The legendary xia dynasty is the first class society in China. With the accumulation of archaeological data, the legend has gradually become a reality, and the xia culture is constantly being revealed. The style of the jade in the xia dynasty should be the transitional form of liangzhu culture, longshan culture and hongshan cultural jade ware to Yin shang jade, which can be seen from the unearthed jade in erlitou site of henan yanshi. The jade knife unearthed in erlitou, the shape source of the new Stone Age of the porous stone knife, and the engraved pattern with the shang dynasty jade double line outline of the origin, should be the xia dynasty jade.
< 2 > shang dynasty was the first slave-owning state with written words in our country. Shang dynasty civilization is not only famous for its solemn bronze wares, but also famous for its many jade wares.
In the early shang dynasty, jade ware was not found much and the cut was rough. In the late shang dynasty, the jade ware was excavated from the tomb of Yin hui of anyang, and the jade ware was unearthed as the representative. In the shang dynasty, the jade craftsman used a lot of hetian jade. In the shang dynasty, there were practical utensils such as jasper GUI (GUI GUI), jade guigu, etc. Animal, character jade is far more than geometrical jade article, jade dragon, jade phoenix, jade parrot, the manner is different, the form god bixiao. The jade person, or stand, or kneel, or sit, the posture is varied; It is the master, or the slave or the captive, that is difficult to discern. The shang dynasty has appeared the earliest jade turtle in our country. Is the most impressive and the most successful, the shang dynasty has begun to have a lot of the round, jade artisan also use double parallel intaglio lines (commonly known as ShuangGou line), consciously will appear a Yang line in the middle of the two Yin line, and line play a role of stiffness and strong at the same time, the music do its magic and change the whole design. Eliminate the monotonous feeling that completely USES Yin line, enhance the stereo feeling of pattern pattern line again.
The western zhou yuer in inheriting Yin shang jade double line to outline the craftsmanship, the original one side of the slope thick line or the fine line carved jade craftsmanship, this is in the bird shape jade knife and animal face jade ornament to shine brilliantly. But on the whole, the jade in the western zhou dynasty is not lively and diverse, but it is a little stiff, too formal. It is also related to the strict patriarchal system and etiquette system in the western zhou dynasty.
The spring and autumn period and the warring states period, the political, hegemony between feudal lords as well as the academic schools of thought contend, the flowers on the culture and art, jade carving art bright, it can be with the Mediterranean basin of Greece, Rome, stone carving art.
In the eastern zhou dynasty,
For their own benefit, jade is the personification of themselves. They wear jade ornaments, to brand themselves as a virtuous man. "The gentleman without reason, jade does not go to the body." Every scholar, from head to toe, has a series of jade ornaments, especially the yupei series under the waist. So she was particularly developed. Can embody the spirit of The Times is a large number of dragon, phoenix, tiger shape, the shape is a dynamic beautiful S shape, with strong Chinese style and national characteristics. The decorative grain has a hidden grain pattern, with a hollowed-out technique, and a single shade line or double check line is placed on the ground, which is saturated and harmonious. The first snake body jade ornament, the parakeet arch jade ornament, reflects the spring and autumn state of zhuo jade level and peyu situation.
A large number of yupei unearthed in the tomb of zeng hou in hubei province, and the large jade juppe unearthed in guwai village in huixian county, henan province, are all made of jade pieces, which are the most difficult in the warring states period. Jade belt hook and jade sword (jade sword) is the new jade that appears at this time.
The aesthetic value of jade.
Chinese ancestors love jade, not only because of its rarity, or colour and lustre beautiful appearance, but has a deeper aesthetic value: because the jade of people deep feelings - to hometown nostalgia, worship of the ancestors. The love of the motherland, the cultivation of the Chinese nation's personality, pregnant with Chinese traditional aesthetics; The tradition of beauty, which has continued for thousands of years, has always been radiant with immortality.
Jade as an ornament, as a token, as a gift, as a gift, are both practical and closely related to mankind. The aesthetic feeling of jade originates from this, finally this.
Jade's aesthetic pursuit of praise is a symbol of nature, it is heaven, earth, rainbow, day and moon, it is the Chinese cosmological concept. It is the spirit, is the idea, is the ideal, is the Chinese nation to the beautiful pursuit and sublimation.
"And the wall of the wall", tells the story of a piece of jade! It is not only the wisdom of bian and jade that sing praises, he is not afraid of the punishment for a piece of "chu shan pu", lose both feet! What a touching spirit! This is to eulogize our Chinese nation's tenacity and indomitable will! It is also from a few thousand years ago a philosopher of the mouth of the exhortation: "knowledge, people!"
"Perfect return to zhao", the record of he is only Lin xiangru to make the story of the state of qin, it glorifies a kind of jade spirit, is the human beings to abide by the letter of the virtues of the covenant and the love of sacrifice.
The finest diamond must be cut. This sentence has gone beyond the scope of the chant, and has become a precept for early talent.
It is better to die than to die. This is the "humanizing" of jade, which symbolizes the noble personality, the noble spirit, the good character and the ideal of life, and the beauty of jade deepens the human soul.
Jade, because of its beauty, beauty, touch beauty, and sound, and in stone, for people to love. Jade craft is the art of living. Its beauty is the beauty of decoration, the beauty of creation, the beauty of nature, the beauty of the east.
Jade's health care function.
Our country is known as the "jade country", the ancients regarded jade as treasure. Legend has it that the imperial concubines kept the jade from the imperial concubines. The sinophile is like the song huizong; Jade town heat like Yang guifei; With jade on the face like the empress dowager... Ancient books of the motherland: jade is the beauty of the stone, the taste is not toxic. Qi gong of various schools agree that the person has "jing, qi, god" three treasures, the use of "qi" is particularly prominent, and jade is the most abundant substance of "qi".
Some people think after research jade mechanism of preserve one's health, jade contains a variety of trace elements beneficial to human body, such as zinc, magnesium, iron, copper, chromium, manganese, cobalt, etc, wearing jade can be contained trace elements is absorbed by human body skin, have special "photoelectric effect" is focused on the energy storage, in the form of electronic computer resonator electromagnetic field, in resonance with the human body, so that the various physiological functions more harmonious.
Some of the jade still have daytime light absorption, the evening light of the wonderful physical characteristics. Some people believe that when the light point is aimed at a certain point of the human body, it can stimulate the meridian, dredging the viscera, and have obvious therapeutic effect. Located on the back of the person's wrist, there is a "retirement nest", often wearing jade bracelet, can get long-term benign massage, not only can dispel the old people's vision blurred disease, but can grow the vitality, raise the spirit.
His mouth jade, with the aid of saliva contains nutrients and the synergy of lysozyme, thirst quenching, in addition to the heat in the stomach, flat vexed Men qi, zi cardiopulmonary, embellish throat, raise hair, can yet be regarded as another way of jade preserve one's health. Jade in the mountains and grass, jade in the river clear water, thus the jade health benefits.
Jade is a kind of natural mineral, mineral is a kind of extremely characteristic component of traditional Chinese medicine, our country has a long history to its research, and baoyu stone is a large part of it. Our country's ancient medical classics huangdi neijing, compendium of material medica and tang compendium of material medica and shennong said in compendium of materia medica of jade can be: "Ann spirits, thin veins, embellish lung, bright and fresh, supple muscle strong bone... ", according to the determination of modern science, YuCai itself contains a variety of trace elements, such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, selenium, chromium, cobalt, titanium, such as lithium, calcium, potassium, sodium, and its curative effect in surgery. It used to be our ancestor's weapon against disease, and has long been the main medicine for health and aging and alchemy. Now the use of tumor therapy has shown an unusual effect. In pharmacology, long-term wearing natural mineral elements and trace elements can complement the human body, the absorption and excretion of excess elements and micro elements, make human body maintain a unique value between is. Such as:
Amethyst, quartz: the work of tranquilizing and tranquilizing.
Diamond: avoid evil and make people energetic.
Rubies: effective for men with impotence.
Emeralds: the ability to raise people's fertility.
Sapphire, aquamarine: can alleviate the pain of respiratory system.
Amber: helps people overcome depression.
Soft jade: run heart and lung, clear stomach fire.
Agate: heat and light.
Turquoise: detoxification, qing liver fire.
Qingjin stone: detoxification, clear yellow water, rodent ulcer, nourishing Yin wu shu.
Malachite: the cure of phlegm, chancre.
Nowadays, we use jade as the raw material, processed into fine ornaments to beautify life, edify the temperament, and even the disease to delay. Its products are directly used for fitness.
Health care: jade pillow, jade pad, fitness ball, massager, walking stick, jade comb, etc., to the human body has the beauty, tranquilizing and tranquilizing effect. Long-term use will rejuvenate you and prolong your life.
The decorative function of jade.
Jewelry is a kind of wealth, is also a kind of decorative handicraft, since ancient times, people have liked to wear jewelry jade.
Ancient people peja jade, the main is not a simple decoration, outer beauty is not just a performance, but the degree of people's spiritual world and self-improvement, namely performance, at the same time also has reflected people's identity, emotion, manner, and the role of language communication. In ancient times, the superior gentleman must have the jade, which is to ask the gentleman to use jade's character to demand himself, to regulate the morality of man, and to use the sound of jade to restrain the action of man.
Today, jewelry, jade is still considered lucky and a symbol of social status, and has gradually become a personal character, decoration, taste, the manner is an important part of, and from the outside to make the whole dress dress up as more appealing.
Modern jade varieties varied styles, are: each jade beads, the jade bracelet, jade hairpin, jade pendant, set of ornaments, the jade ring, inset jades, full of beautiful things in eyes of the jade belt, etc, in addition to the jade, agate, jade, jade, such as the also used jade, green gold, chicken liver, malachite, donglin stone, coral, crystal, furong stone, wood alexandrite jade raw material and so on. Specifications and styles are constantly being renovated, single beads string have flat string, pagoda string, flower color string, irregular string, with shape string and so on. These jewelry jade is decorated with elaborate belt, will give you the life, the dress act the effect that the bead couplet is combined.
Have since ancient times the Chinese jade special hobby, love than gold and other jade, jade in ancient times "gentleman without reason, jade, gentleman with jade bede how", and the jade stone color represents kindness, tough texture symbol of wisdom, not hurt the edges and corners of fairness and justice, a when knock is ringing happy music is squeaky clean the reaction of virtue. Because of this, people have always had a genuine preference.
Now, enjoy the jade design, modelling, decorative design, creative and work have very big improvement, more emphasis on the auspicious jade, enjoy sex and artistic quality, the main varieties have jade figures, flowers, birds, beasts, vessels, yushan seed carving all sorts of small and medium-sized furnishing articles, such as various miniascape of jade, agate stone, crystal stone, jade samples, jade seed makings, ranging from the rough stone to carvings, beautiful shape, colour and lustre is rich, do manual work is delicate, do not have interest. Make people in view and admire, playing with the enjoyment of spirit and culture, especially the touch when jade tend to produce a kind of comfortable, elegant temperament, make the person feels incomparable joy, excitement and satisfaction. Also in the interior decoration, play the jade piece with calligraphy and painting, antique and other handicraft combination configuration, can reflect the brightness, build the elegant culture atmosphere of the bedroom.
In addition, jade a pet as a gift, tokens, mascots, etc are widely used in People's Daily life and all kinds of contacts, relatives, friends, friendship between said love, love, good wishes and pray for the peace of choice for gifts.
The collection value of jade.
Collect ancient jade, if economic condition is better, the strength is particularly strong, can press the principle that has essence to collect. Can a little time, time for the project, such as "tang gu yu", "song gu yu", "gao Ming and qing dynasties", etc., can also use "ancient peja jade", "ancient ritual jade", "ancient" dashanzi, with specific points implements "Chinese jade cong", "Chinese jade wall", "Chinese jade bird", "Chinese jade dragon", "Chinese jade", "Chinese jade cup", "Chinese jade belt hook", etc.
The ancient jade collection, should use the work essence, the quality, the color, the shape oddness to be the standard, see many, the research many, can achieve "the love does not choose the hand is good jade" the purpose.
The collection of ancient jade generally has to be identified from new jade and old jade.
The identification of new jade focuses on the true and false jade, the quality of the texture, and the precision of the carver. Generally speaking, good jade is only the basis for making jade, its value still needs to be carved by artificial design to finally be reflected. Tang taizong said well: "although jade has good quality, it is in the stone, it is not worth the good work to think, with the rubble." YuGong level there is, therefore, decided to jade grade important farmar, good jade article should be in the premise of good jade expected, composition exquisite harmony, craft work, fat slippery person for top grade of jade.
And old jade identification in addition to a few basic requirements of the new jade, but also identify jade production era, the role of history, the identity of the occupant, but must learn to each kind of modeling the characteristics of the items (including the part shape) of the comprehensive analysis, etc., and modelling of the original, often can control the value of jade.
If you allow, you go to buy jade, a piece of one piece can be all.
Of all the materials that make jewelry, jade is closest to people. Money is money, diamonds are price, and jade is life.
Believe it or not? Hold the jade in the hand, gently caress and touch, just like the smooth skin soft heart. You will find that jade is alive, with body temperature and heart rate, warm water, and resonating with your thoughts.
Can let jade often adhere to the skin best, jade will not betray your silk wisps of nourishment, just like a spiritual dove, even if flying also remember to go home. The jade that passes by your hand will retain the information of your life.
A gentleman without cause will not go.
In 1863, the French geological mineralogist tributaries, according to the Chinese qing dynasty emperor qianlong dynasty jade, spread to Europe for physical chemistry experiment, the results show that there are two kinds of YuCai, namely amphibole and pyroxene. Amphibole is also known as soft jade, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 degrees, and a proportion of 2.55-2.65. Its main component is the fibrous mineral of calcium silicate, which belongs to amphibolite. The color of amphibole is more closely related to the lipid of oil, pure color white, commonly known as mutton fat jade, delicate and warm, very valuable, the economic value is extremely high. Also because amphibolite contains a small amount of oxide metal ions and appears green, green, black, yellow and other colors or mixed colors. The pyroxene is also known as jadeite, because it is the best quality for the emerald green, and in China there are also jade. The hardness is 6.75-7 degrees, and the ratio is 3.2-3.3. Pyroxene is mainly composed of sodium silicate and aluminum silicate, with a dimly crystalline structure, hard texture and high density, with glass luster and crystal clear crystal. Emerald green, apple green, Snow White, delicate lavender, all are the typical color of the pyroxene. Pyroxene (jadeite, such as jade) was widely adopted by Chinese artisans in the 18th century. Therefore, the vast majority of ancient Chinese jade articles are amphibolite (soft jade, such as khotan jade) products. The mineral composition of hetian jade is composed of diophanite, which is mainly composed of the actinolite, and contains the minerals such as serpentine, graphite, and magnet, and forms white, turquoise, black yellow and other different colors. Most of them are monochrome jade, a few have mixed colors. The jade is semi-transparent and has a lipid sheen after polishing. The hardness is 5.5 to 6.4 degrees. This is the mineralogical jade.
Chinese cultural jade, the connotation is wider. Han dynasty xu shen in "said wen jie zi", said, jade, stone beauty and five virtues. The so-called "five virtues" refers to the five characteristics of jade. It is believed to be jade, which has a strong texture, brilliant luster, brilliant color, dense and transparent tissue, and the beautiful stone of zhiyang zhizhi's voice. According to this standard, the jade in the mind of the ancients not only includes the real jade (amphibole), but also includes serpentine, turquoise, malachite, agate, crystal, amber, red emerald and other colorful stone jade. Therefore, in appreciating ancient jade, we can not only use the modern scientific knowledge to discriminate the good and bad, but also must have the historical perspective.
China is a major producer of jade in the world, not only has a long history, but also has a wide geographical distribution and rich content. According to the mountain and sea scriptures, there are more than 200 places where Chinese jade is produced. After thousands of years of exploitation and utilization, some jade mines have dried up, but some famous jade mines are still being mined in large quantities, providing an endless supply of raw materials for the development of Chinese jade carving art. China's most famous jade land is xinjiang hotan. Hetian jade is the richest, the most colourful, the best quality, the highest price, is an important source of Chinese ancient jade material, the royal family all love to use the hetian jade mill. In addition to hetian jade, jiuquan jade in gansu province, lantian jade in shaanxi province, dushan jade in henan province and jade in the county, xiuyan jade in liaoning, etc., are also commonly used in Chinese jade articles.
There is a famous saying in China, called "the stone of other mountains, you can attack jade", which tells the true meaning of zhuoyu. Wonderful artical excelling nature, in fact, jade, not carved, but using the hardness is higher than the jade of silicon carbide, quartz and dopant of garnet sand "jade", supplemented by water to grinding jade, cut into the design of the finished product. Therefore, in the jargon, making jade is not jade carving, but called zhi yu, or zhuyu, grinding jade, grinding jade. The skill of dressing jade is superb, but the jade tool is simple. Until recently, the Chinese had been using traditional tools such as circular saws, steel and wrought iron discs, round wheels, drill beds, half-disks and wooden lathes to make jade. In the neolithic and Bronze Age before the invention of iron, most of the tools were even made of wooden bamboo, bone and sandstone. Such a primitive tool, can work out such wonderful jade, is really a miracle.
Lin good jade article, clock divided into four elements: qualitative, modelling, craft, theme, these four elements make jade beyond its "mountain elite" natural attribute, and however the person's spirit: mountains and rivers of the elite, exquisite of humanities. Mountains and rivers of the elite, is material beauty, each piece of jade must figure out it is hornblende jade, or turquoise stones such as jade, agate, serpentine, crystal, further to explore its origin. The beauty of the humanities refers to the beauty of the jade, the sculpting of beauty and the theme, and the technological and social factors that influence the beauty of the shaping. , due to the different generations YuCai cut jade jade tools and cut techniques, combined with aesthetic taste and the different customs and habits, jade the purpose and the role played by different, jade the modelling of each period and the theme is also each are not identical, and compete to bloom.
Chinese jade has a long history and has a glorious history of seven thousand years. The ancestors of seven thousand years ago, in the process of selecting the stone maker, consciously made the beautiful stone made into ornaments, dressed themselves and beautified life, which opened the prelude of Chinese jade culture. In the late neolithic period, four or five thousand years ago, the dawn of Chinese jade culture shone brightly. It was separated from the stone industry and became an independent handicraft industry. With the liangzhu culture of the taihu lake and the hongshan culture of liaohe river basin, the jade is the most eye-catching. Jade is a symbol of royalty and rank, and it is a means of praying for eternal life.
There are many kinds of jade articles in liangzhu culture, such as jade cong, jade, jade axe, trigeminal jade and jade collars. Liangzhu jade to usurp the role of big body, appear dark is rigorous, symmetrical balance has been fully used, especially in bas-relief of adornment gimmick, especially line carving skills up to the later generations also almost dust. The best way to reflect liangzhu is the variety of patterns, the numerous, and the inscrutable jade cong and the animal face feather tattoo.
Compared with the liangzhu jade, the red mountain culture is rare and rigid, but it is characterized by animal jade and round jade. The typical device is jade dragon, jade beast, jade hoop, etc. Cut of hongshan culture jade craft, the biggest characteristic is that the jade artisan can skillfully use YuCai, grasp object modelling characteristics, a few knife, the implements of image depicts lifelike, is very vivid. "Likeness" is the biggest characteristic of hongshan ancient jade. Hongshan ancient jade, do not win by the big, but with the exquisite.
From the liangzhu, hongshan ancient jade from the analysis of large and medium-sized tombs, neolithic jade in addition to worship the 2nd, buried so outside several USES such as resin, and to ward off bad luck, a symbol of power, wealth, and etc. The Chinese jade ware begins with a mysterious color.
The legendary xia dynasty is the first class society in China. With the accumulation of archaeological data, the legend has gradually become a reality, and the xia culture is constantly being revealed. The style of the jade in the xia dynasty should be the transitional form of liangzhu culture, longshan culture and hongshan cultural jade ware to Yin shang jade, which can be seen from the unearthed jade in erlitou site of henan yanshi.
The shang dynasty was the first slave-owning state in China with written words. Shang dynasty civilization is not only famous for its solemn bronze wares, but also famous for its many jade wares.
In the early shang dynasty, jade ware was not found much and the cut was rough. In the late shang dynasty, the jade ware was excavated from the tomb of Yin hui of anyang, and the jade ware was unearthed as the representative. In the shang dynasty, the jade craftsman used a lot of hetian jade. In the shang dynasty, there were practical utensils such as jasper GUI (GUI GUI), jade guigu, etc. Animal, character jade is far more than geometrical jade article, jade dragon, jade phoenix, jade parrot, the manner is different, the form god bixiao. The jade person, or stand, or kneel, or sit, the posture is varied; It is the master, or the slave or the captive, that is difficult to discern. The shang dynasty has appeared the earliest jade turtle in our country. Is the most impressive and the most successful, the shang dynasty has begun to have a lot of the round, jade artisan also use double parallel intaglio lines (commonly known as ShuangGou line), consciously will appear a Yang line in the middle of the two Yin line, and line play a role of stiffness and strong at the same time, the music do its magic and change the whole design. Eliminate the monotonous feeling that completely USES Yin line, enhance the stereo feeling of pattern pattern line again.
The western zhou yuer in inheriting Yin shang jade double line to outline the craftsmanship, the original one side of the slope thick line or the fine line carved jade craftsmanship, this is in the bird shape jade knife and animal face jade ornament to shine brilliantly. But on the whole, the jade in the western zhou dynasty is not lively and diverse, but it is a little stiff, too formal. It is also related to the strict patriarchal system and etiquette system in the western zhou dynasty.
The spring and autumn period and the warring states period, the political, hegemony between feudal lords as well as the academic schools of thought contend, the flowers on the culture and art, jade carving art bright, it can be with the Mediterranean basin of Greece, Rome, stone carving art.
The eastern zhou dynasty and the various princes, for their own interests, all take jade as their own personification. They wear jade ornaments, to brand themselves as a virtuous man. "The gentleman without reason, jade does not go to the body." Every scholar, from head to toe, has a series of jade ornaments, especially the yupei series under the waist. So she was particularly developed. Can embody the spirit of The Times is a large number of dragon, phoenix, tiger shape, the shape is a dynamic beautiful S shape, with strong Chinese style and national characteristics. The decorative grain has a hidden grain pattern, with a hollowed-out technique, and a single shade line or double check line is placed on the ground, which is saturated and harmonious. The first snake body jade ornament, the parakeet arch jade ornament, reflects the spring and autumn state of zhuo jade level and peyu situation. A large number of yupei unearthed in the tomb of zeng hou in hubei province, and the large jade juppe unearthed in guwai village in huixian county, henan province, are all made of jade pieces, which are the most difficult in the warring states period. Jade belt hook and jade sword (jade sword) is the new jade that appears at this time.
Hetian jade in the spring and autumn warring states period, a large number of input to the central plains, the royal governors race to choose hetian jade, connection lines jade lamp, in the collection of the Palace Museum is the standard of hetian jade, the Confucian scholars combine with hetian jade ritual study research, with hetian jade ritual study thought. Ruler in order to meet the love of hetian jade, with a Confucian benevolence, wisdom, righteousness, ritual, music, sincerity, truthfulness, heaven, earth and Germany, such as the traditional concept of analogy in hetian jade the various characteristics of physical and chemical properties, then "than the gay coat that makes the gentleman in the jade", there are five DE jade, nine, ten DE theory arises at the historic moment. "The attribute of jade is endowed with philosophical thought and moralization; To arrange the shape of jade, and to worship the thoughts of Yin and Yang; To compare the scale of jade and to politicize the rank of title. (guo baojun's new interpretation of ancient jade) is a highly theoretical summary of the study of rites and jade at that time. This is the theoretical basis for the enduring popularity of Chinese jade carving, and it is the spiritual pillar of the Chinese people's love of jade for seven thousand years.
China has a history of 7,000 years of jade history and 2500 years of jade research, which has earned China a reputation as a "country of jade". The ancient jade in ancient China has a long history, and it has a long history, which is widely distributed, and it has a great influence on the quality of the works, which can not be reached by any other country. Chinese people in the long-term historical process formed a deep-rooted national honour in the jade, jade love the national psychology, the deification and the spirit of jade viewpoints are rooted in the concept, special powers, while jade culture itself as an important part of Chinese civilization, in thousands of years of civilization in China has a far-reaching influence incalculable. Famous scholars Needham's in the "science and civilisation in China" but also said: "interest in jade, can be said to be one of China's cultural characteristics, inspire a sculptor, poet, painter, unlimited inspiration."
One, our country and jade related idioms and stories.
1. The skin is the skin of a woman, and the bones are like jade. The meaning of the allusion is to describe the pure and beautiful woman, also can describe the beauty of the plum blossom. From "chuang tzu"
2. The ice clear jade direct meaning refers to the father-in-law is like the ice clean, the son-in-law is like jade so warm. In ancient times, there was also a man called "ice jade". From "the Book of Jin · wei ji" gao lian "jade zhairpin"
3. To be pure and clear, pure and clear like ice, to be pure as jade, to describe the integrity of conduct, to be virtuous, and to be fair to the officials. That is, "as the ice is clear, as jade is clean, clean and positive, and not obscene." From "wei shu · guangling wang chuan"
4. Good straight meaning refers to spare gold, and idioms in the "gold" refers to the meaning of the precious, good is when people give advice or comments, please kind words, and are welcome to comment, hope to be generous with valuable advice. It comes from "the surprise of the first cut."
5. Amass a fortune Good for soft precious thing in the world, generally in the cartridge box lock up, stack shows good if too many, described the possession of wealth, and there are likely to show it is rich, namely "amass a fortune boast fine long hair yi" written by li ho chang valley set, chao young poetry
6. The powder is decorated with white powder, white jade carved. More snow scene, also can describe the child life of the white and lovely. "Dream of red mansions" for the first time.
7. It was a sin to hold the jade in his heart. A man of ability is envied. That is, "no one is guilty. From "zuo zhuan huan ten years"
8. Huai jin yu said that jin yu, in the sense of the clothes, with jin, in the hands of yu. A person has a pure and beautiful character. That is, "huai jin yu, poor do not know". From "the song of chu"
9. The law of the golden rule refers to the provisions of the law; It used to describe the perfection of the legal provisions, and now refers to the unchangeable rules. By Chen ziliang, "Chen zigan in pingcheng county"
10. In ancient times, it was said that the emperor spoke, and then sometimes he could not change his words.
11. The hardest things want stone refers to the hardest stone is diamond (also), as hard as a stone can be moved, and describe the sincerity can produce the feeling of power, namely "sincere will find a way." From han dynasty (han), han shi.
12. The title of the gold question refers to the inscription of an inscription, which refers to the decoration of a fine painting or book, as well as a decorative gift. From tonya appliance
13. The content and form of the article are perfect. For example, wang yi's "li SAO order" : refers to the gold phase jade, 100 world without a piece, the name is pendent, will never be destroyed. From wang yi's "li SAO"
14. Jin youyu kunkun: brother. It is said that a brother is beautiful, and kunyu is the name of a brother. From the spring and autumn annals of the sixteen countries
15. The good words are very valuable advice. This is from "the official scene of officialdom" 11 times.
16. It was originally described as having a lot of wealth, and gold and jade filled the room. Later, people are very talented and knowledgeable. From "Lao tzu".
17. In addition, the appearance of gold jade is like a golden jade, but it is a broken quilt. It is a metaphor for people or things that are good and real bad. From liu ji's "bona fide burners"
18. The golden leaves pointed out the descendants of the royal family, the son of a prince, or the daughter of a noble family. From the original "jingde lantern records"
19. Beautiful clothes, elegant clothes, exquisite food. A life of luxury and luxury. From "wei shu · changjing"
20. Kunshan jade kunlun mountain is made of jade. The direct meaning is one of the many jade stones of kunlun mountain, which is used to indicate modesty. Although it is a beautiful jade, one of the jade in the kunlun mountains is a drop in the ocean, and it is later used to refer to the outstanding people of the United States and China. From the Book of Jin.
21. Orchid is broken to use the orchid, beautiful jade to break the parable of the sage died, to mourn the talented person early to die, also has the change "ning for the orchid broken jade, does not make the xiao fu ai rong". From liu yiqing, "a new language of the world"
22. Blue tian yusheng blue field is the ancient jade mountain name, metaphor virtuous father sheng xian son. From The Three Kingdoms, wu shu · zhuge ke
23. In the United States, in the ancient times, people put the beautiful jade in the hat, the original metaphor Chen ping is like a hat in the appearance of a beautiful inner emptiness, and then to use the metaphor of male beauty. From the history.
24. It is better to die than to be broken, not to be preserved, but to die for justice, and not to die. From the book of beiqi · yuan jing 'an
25. Uncarved jade is the uncarved jade, the unrefined gold is muddy gold. It refers to natural beauty that is not embellished. The quality of the person is simple and unspoiled. From liu yiqing, "a new language of the world"
26. To throw a brick in the direction of a brick to bring back the jade, to say that he first published a crude opinion or article, the purpose of which is to bring out other people's views or good works. From the original "jingde biography of jingde"
27. To be dressed in a coarse, coarse clothes, but with a beautiful jade, is a metaphor for a unique skill, not revealed in front of people. This is from Lao zi, chapter 70.
28. Return is choi choi, and, for all, when the warring states period zhao Qin Zhaowang sent pretends to 15 cities to change and choi, prince of zhao did not dare to refuse, but again afraid cheated, had to go to see the king of qin sent Lin xiangru's carrying choi, found the king of qin scam after choi, inventions back and back to zhao. The idiom is used to describe the complete return of the original. From the historical records, Lin xiangru.
29. The pavilion is a tall and beautiful woman with a long and beautiful figure. From shen fu's "six records of floating birth"
30. A piece of ice in the jade pot to describe indifferent fame and wealth in the character of fame. It is from wang changling's poem "the furong building sends xinjian".
31. It refers to an ancient weapon or a war. It refers to a gift from the union and a good gift. It refers to a conflict between the two parties and the reconciliation.
32. Pear-shaped jade is round like a pearl, like a jade that is warm, describe the song or the words are both euphemistic and smooth, natural and fluent, namely, "round jade, all around linglong". By zhou ji.
33. A combination of pearls and pearls. That is to say, "the sun and the moon are like a couple, five stars like beads", and the metaphor of talents and good things are gathered together. From the book of the han dynasty.
34. Surrounded by pearls and jadeite, it can be described as a beautiful woman, or a person with a lot of beauty or talent. From "yuan qu", zheng dehui, "the lady from the rose"
35. The jade in the side is more than the appearance of the people who are more than their own people, the comparison is deeply ashamed, namely "the jade in the side, ashamed of self-humiliation". From the southern dynasty · song · liu yiqing, "the new words of the world"
36. All the jade and the stone were destroyed, and the good and the bad died together. Out of the book "shangshu · Yin zheng"
37. There are some minor shortcomings in the simile of white jade. From the tao yuanming episode
38. The perfect metaphor and the perfection of everything. From "jingde's Lantern Festival"
39. The palace is beautiful and beautiful. From jin · wang jia "collection"
40. In spite of each other, there are advantages and disadvantages. From the "casual mail"
41. In spite of all the flaws, the disadvantages cannot cover up the advantages. From the book of rites
The cultural implication of jade.
1. Jade is a powerful like real jade scarce rare, it is considered to be sacred and ancient therefore, jade treasure was destiny the gods memorial tablet of kingship supreme interests, is the laws of the old ethical code label index, jade as the Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism, daoism general believed in, deposit the pursuit and desire of the ruling class through the ages. This point has a prominent expression in the idiom: "the golden words" represents the emperor who is not ten, and every sentence is the "truth" of the people; The "golden rule" refers to the laws and regulations that protect the interests of the ruling class. Massage house "heap gold build by laying bricks or stones jade", reduceing sent around the palace, the ancient god of "Jin Zhenyu" such as ancient Chinese idioms have foil without additional kingship and theocracy, the qing dynasty of the decree, engraved "for the day," who gets it, who is the right person.
2. Jade is also a symbol of wealth, and it is a story of the late warring states period in the late warring states period. The king of the state of chu, the king of the state of chu, was the king of the state of chu. The king of qin had a mouth-watering mouth and sent a messenger to the king of zhao, saying that he would exchange it with the fifteen cities. The king of zhao had no choice but to send Lin xiangru to the state of qin. Lin xiangru, the author of the legend, made it to the state of zhao, and it was widely circulated since then. It was not an exaggeration to say that the jade was worth a lot of money. In addition, "the accumulation of gold and jade", "jinyu manchu", "jinyi jade food" and other idioms also explain the wealth of jade like the significance.
3. Jade is a human and moral symbol of beauty, including form, intelligence and morality. "Graceful and graceful", "beautiful jade", "frozen flesh and jade", "powder makeup jade" and so on are the expression of human body beauty; "Unadorned beauty", "pure", "brown HuaiYu", "one ice heart in okho", "it is is better to die when life is a disgrace", "ning for LAN jiggled jade fold, do not make xiao fu YiRong" human expression of high character; "Huai jin yu", "jin youyu kun" and "jinyu mantang" are the expressions of outstanding talents. And "the outside of the golden jade" is the idiom of a different person.
4. Jade is a peaceful symbol of the ancient yellow emperor of China, with jade as a soldier, initiated the world history of the unique jade era. In this era, it has become the main body of the social material civilization by making tools, weapons, sacrificial vessels, sacrificial vessels and peepers. There is no jade weapon today, but history has left it, to prevent the "destruction of the world" and adopt the foreign policy of "turning swords into swords". Prevent war, maintain peace and other idioms. In order to safeguard the territorial sovereignty and the reunification of the motherland, there are also idioms such as "jinou".
5. Jade and jade is both material wealth and spiritual wealth, is in the process of social and historical development of mankind has created the sum total of material wealth and spiritual wealth, is human consciousness of active directional relics materialized results associated with jade idioms have the expression of both material and spiritual wealth. And the idiom is the expression of people and things.
The formation mechanism of related idioms and the cultural background formed.
1. Stone worship mechanism stone is the natural object between heaven and earth. Man is born with the knowledge and use of stone. A number of stone tools have reportedly been found in the arfa region in northeastern Ethiopia. About 2.5 million years ago, it was the first stone tool ever discovered. After the use of simple tools such as sticks and stone tools, apes evolved into adults. According to the archaeological survey in our country, there was evidence of the use of fire by the yuanmou people before 1.7 million years ago. By the time of the beijingers in the 1950s and 1960s, there was not only evidence of the use of fire, but also the remains of stone tools. Ancient natural fire from lightning, more important use of stone to obtain, the discovery of fire, the human from "raw food" to "cooked food", is the human from the nature of the cultural realm of the important symbol. The use of stone, other than stone tools, and the use of stone caves. The relationship between man and stone has evolved from one aspect of belief in the use of stone. Rock hard and durable, passage and glebe's old, capricious, but stand tall stone, humans think stone is a spirit, to produce the fear psychology, produced stone worship and myths and legends about the stone.
In the morning, the sun first shone on the stones on the hills and left the shadow moving, and the stone became the image of the sun worshiper. Ancient ancestors prayed for longevity and stone as an immortal immortal. In the spring, the worship of stone sacrifice, worship stone, and so far some ethnic minorities and worship stone custom. There is a custom of "stone to be" safe in all parts of the country. Jade is the beauty of stone, and jade culture includes inheritance and development of stone worship.
2. The ancient ancestors of jade believed that jade was "the stone of heaven". Therefore, from the beginning of the primitive society, I have made jade into the totem of worship and the sacrificial rites of the earth gods. Such as "jade for six, heaven and earth square with courtesy, with pale wall day, with Huang Congli ground, with green, the east, with red Zhang south, with Bai Huli west, north to XuanHuang ceremony" shanhaijing said jade is the food of the gods, "the jade sea", "big history biography," big wear reading notes "and so on of cadastral, according to the yellow emperor era YaoShunYu queen (blunt words figure 1 by the deer in jade, as a result, a lot of people in the right of communication with god" bridge ", to form view of destiny, jade emperor qin shi huang choi, and get the "psychic", and "man in the day of the first emperor of China.
3. Yu said the spring and autumn period and the warring states period, Confucianism will be compared with the features of the jade of the gay coat that makes the gentleman put forward "the gentleman bede jade", make peja jade wind rising stage, so that "a gentleman without reason, jade body". The eastern han xu shen (said wen jie zi) called "jade", the beauty of stone, there are five virtues, nourishing and warm, and benevolence. As far as the mind is concerned, we can know the square of righteousness. Its sound is comfortable, apply it to the distance, the wise party also: do not fold, yong's side also; Sharp, not twisty, and clean. The five virtues of "benevolence", "righteousness", "wisdom", "yong" and "jie" are all contained in the characteristics of jade, which is the development of jade's eleven virtues and nine virtues.
4. Jin yu and zhu yu said that jin found less precious metals in our country, jade is the beauty of stone. Jinyu refers to material wealth, but its social implication is extremely rich, and it is an amazing spiritual power over the society. Not only the idiom related to jinyu is the embodiment of the divine right. Even yellow became the color of Chinese emperors.
Bead jade say: "mozi", said: "and surname choi, governors beads, three six spines, the treasure of the governors", since ancient times, Chinese culture has combined the pearl and the treasure jade "bead jade" is a sign of wealth. Later, with the discovery of jadeite (jadeite), there are more and more historical idioms that combine with jade.
5. Jade religious status as a part of human culture organic whole, whether global or regional, national religion, primitive religion and theology of religions have a common characteristic, that is cannot leave the valuable jade. Because Islam against idol worship, the less valuable jade in the house of god, in the holy city of mecca KABAH temple, worship as the embodiment of the teaching of the supreme god is a piece of black meteorites, Christianity with jasper, the sapphire purple article 12 kinds of gemstone, such as the holy city, twelve cornerstone, Buddhism regulation is gold, silver, jade, coral; Amber, pearl and glass are the seven treasures of Buddhism. There are pearls, crystals, sapphires, white jade, and various kinds of jade. It is used to decorate religious shrines, the elysium, the temple of the temple Buddha, the buddhist temple. There are more than 20 kinds of gems in buddhist temples and towers in Bangkok, Thailand. There are more than 30 kinds of baoyu stone in the qalu temple in qinghai. The demand of religion promotes the development of baoyu stone and enriches the content of jade culture, which also provides the cultural background for the formation of related idioms and stories.
"In the first thirty years, the people raised jade, and after 30 years the jade foster people".
The old saying goes the most in the world, but "keep" and how to "keep" can be seen by the people.
Jade is a good prop for keeping virtue.
This is too abstract to describe. But jade can. Jade has the solid stone, the stone has no jade; Jade has the strength of stone, the stone has no jade; Jade has the texture of stone, stone without jade exquisite. The material properties of jade happened to have many similarities with the virtues that the ancients believed in, so it was possible to use jade. Wear, play, always see, touch, easy to be at any time, anywhere.
"To say the words" is jade: "there are five virtues, moist and warm, and benevolence; From the outside, you can know the square of righteousness; The sound of the sound, the only way to hear, the wise side; If you do not scratch, you will be brave. Sharp is not the only way to be clean. The pipe said, "jade has nine virtues." -- benevolence, wisdom, righteousness, integrity, courage, honesty, tolerance and organization. In "the gift of rites", it is said that jade has "eleven virtues" -- benevolence, knowledge, righteousness, propriety, music, loyalty, faith, heaven, earth, virtue and tao. The master said, "jade has ten virtues." "The book of north qi" is the most widely read: "it is better to die than to die." It is the standard of action and the guide to the action of jade. Its material properties have been integrated into the profound Chinese traditional culture and become a unique Chinese jade culture. "The superior gentleman bede yu yu", with jade bede, the dunce is strict.
A person like jade character, no matter in the life of any stage will show the undisturbed, calm and easy style. Can stand the prosperity of life when the wind is smooth, also can stand the lonely and sad when the tide falls. At the height of the tide, the behavior and words will not be arrogant, fly the arrogant, know how to be good, peaceful people the way of life; Are at low tide can be like a piece of jade, despite the dust cover luster, glittering and translucent get rid of inside, and glow when born again after the detachment of moist luster, such as lotus spit, crafted intangible, endless miles. Such a kind of jade personality trait is the Chinese people for thousands of years of praise and for the continuous cultivation of their own to approach or achieve the realm.
Since the beginning of the jade, the love of jade has not been less than a day. For one thousand years, jade moral the representation of the scale, it is like to see it it doesn't mean the real share it, with jade and raising, jade to unity, the state only to be enlightened Chinese people, I am afraid, realize through. Therefore, a person who plays jade is so called "the first thirty years of the people to raise jade", as the jade is also in foster man's morality.
Today, can the nature of the jade bow provinces were few and far between, but do business people often used the jade Confucius "than the gay coat that makes the gentleman in the jade" how "to hang in the oral as sales gimmicks, without shame. In the year when Confucius was poor, he changed his life to a memorial archway, but now he has become a common four-letter word. Are we all insensitive and insensitive?
Virtue is the backbone of jade.
The so-called "the first thirty years of the cultivation of jade, after 30 years of jade cultivation" are only relatively speaking. When a man raises jade, he also raises jade. The so-called person collect jade, jade collect person, all be to have a point.
The people who play jade have a lot of jargon. There are a lot of dishes and a lot of attention. However, if there is no DE in the main palm, the destruction of jade also destroyed the human, this is similar to the martial arts middle school broke the school, went astray.
Dish jade is very exquisite, once dish method is improper, a piece of beautiful jade will be destroyed in own hand.
Plate, refers to a jade put it in a small bag inside, close and hide, in the human body is relatively constant temperature moist, a year later in hand petting set play, until the jade return to true colors. It takes a lot of effort, often three or five years, and if it takes too long, it can take ten years or even decades. In the history of qing dynasty, there were two generations of a piece of jade, a piece of jade.
Wu pan refers to the use of artificial force, continuous site play, to achieve the purpose of playing fast. This dish method is like a man possessed, in order to let the jade jade become ripe, as soon as possible with the old white cloth wrapped after constant friction, day and night, after a period of time to change into new white cloth, continues to grind, jade friction heat up, the wipe the hot, high temperature can be dirt quickly forced out of jade, color ooze condensing, the color of jade is becoming more and more bright, can restore the original state jade for about a year. This kind of dish method is a bit careless, jade can be destroyed once. This kind of dish method, jade merchant USES more.
Italian dish is high level players, jade players will jade hold in hand, side dish to play, while thinking of jade virtue, unceasingly absorbs the essence from the virtues of jade, the temperament of its own, over time, achieve jade man one noble realm, jade has been maintained, pan yu people the spirit of sublimation. Plate is a kind of extremely high realm, need the spirit of the side wall, rather than one plate of jade, than tracts, the jade unity, spirit of channeling, rare in the history of one can reach such a mental state, let alone modern blundering.
Dish jade avoid to fall, avoid cold and hot and volatile, avoid fire to bake, avoid sour, avoid oily, avoid dirt, avoid chemical substance, the dish still avoid greed, avoid guile. So many taboos, you can see that playing jade is not an ordinary thing, there is not a heart in the heart, jade and people can not achieve harmony.
Du ping is a state of mind with jade.
Du ping, the first person I interviewed for this article, was very impressed. Although "70 empress", but have more than ten year jade collection history. Compared with the people of the same age he some alternative, he can in real estate, network business so calm, focus on collection of ancient jade research, is a veteran as a collector, also have quite a reputation in the circle. In him you can not see the collection circle of people often the lake and the stubborn strength, but the intellectuals of the gentle and elegant, simple and clear. The people are friendly and friendly, speaking of jade to warm but not eager, both the sense of mission and not the Angle of the horn, a whole. Is this the best "appendage" of jade?
Originally, duping was only interested in ancient pottery. Gradually, he discovered the charm of ancient jade in the process of collecting ancient pottery, and then became intoxicated with it, and began to collect and study ancient jade. In the ancient shu culture, ancient yunnan culture, the ancient jade ware, pottery, bronze ware and other collections of research fields have been well established. It is devoted to promote the promotion of ancient shu civilization and Chinese jade culture, especially in sanxingdui culture and jinsha site culture research, and has an influential influence in art collection. In his studio, there are about three or five hundred pieces of collection, mainly ancient jade and ancient pottery, which can only be hidden. To appreciate is his greatest pleasure, to build a jade museum is his mission. What's interesting is that you can't find anything with jade in him, "jade in the heart, no jade in the body, nourishing the heart with jade," is a kind of state he likes.
Du pingyu's opinion
Play with jade, and have good feelings.
Two ancient jade article is equal to the character, the same, and jade bring out the best in each other, mutual reflect, so once you have or wear jewels, must have more sedate self-restraint, elegant and graceful bearing style, who goes to play out their own jade article, got the sentiment like jewels.
Playing jade is actually a happy and nurturing thing. It needs a good attitude, and it is not a good idea to go to the devil. A person who is determined to pick up the precious treasure will be found out.
Still need to abstain from greed play jade, don't see what you feel good will buy it, in the collection of this set of people tend to sit in order to break the collection, finally made a warehouse keeper, also reduces their quality of life, it is not necessary;
It is also a pleasure to play with jade and to appreciate other people's things. Big collector zhang boju collection attitude: "to the collection, don't have to end for the body, for to have, but to perpetuate our earth, strand orderly", the famous collector Wang Shixiang is "by I have to sent by me, sent by, have a clear conscience". Visible, joy is not in possession, collecting antiques is not closed but hide of children and grandchildren never treasure, but in the research, appreciation, promote and develop, is to focus on its culture, pay attention to the cultural connotations behind the artifacts.
Gao gu yu, appreciate more than play.
Jade people can deeply appreciate the fun of dish jade. The so-called "jade plate", is a kind of folk wisdom enjoying jade, jade held hands, while enjoying, side thought jade virtue, unceasingly absorbs the essence from the virtues of jade, raise their own temperament. Over time, we can achieve the unity of human jade, not only the jade ware has been preserved, but the original color of jade is old and new, and the spirit of the jade people has also been sublimated.
Dish jade is like tea ceremony, is to a kind of thing appreciation and research reached a kind of lofty realm. Person dish jade, jade plate person, the person jade is one body, spirit is psychic, the nature is one. Impetuous modern man, it is the need of such a kind of calm concentration of calm.
In the world of collecting, ancient jade is divided into a pit and a pit, which means that it has not been played, and still has the original ecology. The pit is played. Du ping thinks, from the Angle of protection, new jade is suitable to play, gao gu yu still be good with not dish, this can maintain its original appearance, so-called why not wash wind dust, the charm is especially natural. While appreciating the beauty of ancient jade through thousands of years of time and space, I feel it coming to me with a profound sense of historical vicissitudes.
Nowadays, it is a good time to hide jade.
It is easy to find gold. Ancient jade is a non-renewable resource, and it is rare to be precious, especially in the xia shang zhou, which is the most important. As time goes on, even the dwindling today jade expected, such as collection to extract, Jane, dilute all three characteristics in some ancient jade, investment collection is undoubtedly the most wise choice for an investment value.
To look into the market at home and abroad to inspect, you will find ancient jade auction is outside of the domestic market price several times or even dozens of times, the foreign market price is very high, not only because of its material, also for the west the ancient jade carving as a sculpture art, for art the highest form of expression.
Collecting art should have advanced consciousness, domestic GuYuHai did not form the authoritative appraisal standards and value system, gao also without impact on the market, jade market "ancient than the old, old as new, new as imitation" inversion of the strange phenomenon, causing serious dislocation, the ancient jade market value to wise collectors has created the best intervention of ancient jade collection opportunity comes once in a blue moon.
Gao guyu, like an old wine, is more and more fragrant. The cultural charm of ancient jade always attracts people who are interested in ancient Chinese traditional culture. The highest state of life is nature, gorgeous to insipid, austere contains the ancient culture, ancient culture of ancient jade, refracting the light of the history of civilization in ancient China, ancient jade is always collectors, the best choice, and always will be a collection of hot spots in the world. The ancient jade players collect the rich cultural accumulation of the Chinese nation, and gao guyu will show the noble value of the past life in the future.
[jade culture] the germ of humanistic mineral thought.
China is the earliest known in the world and utilization of mineral resources, splendid jade culture is an important characteristic of the ancient Chinese culture is different from the western culture, the eastern and western culture in this area still have obvious differences. In fact, westerners have always treated Chinese jade and jade with mysterious and reverent eyes. In the neolithic age, the original cultures found throughout China, such as hongshan culture, yangshao culture, longshan culture, liangzhu culture, etc., are widely found in the number of different jade and jade articles. Some scholars suggest that China has a "jade age" after the neolithic age. The author believes that we should constantly enrich the content, improve the theoretical research, make the jade culture more systematic and perfect, which is the immortal of our Chinese nation.
Shanhaijing is the first in the world of the warring states period of mineral system description, recorded 73 kinds of inorganic mineral, collectively known as actually contains a rock, jade and fossils, really only 17 kinds of minerals, precious is also lists more than 100 origin, also divided the dozens of mineral into gold, stone, jade, alum (soil) four categories, really nice.
Ancient Chinese jade civilization. At the beginning of the Chinese civilization, the jade culture was linked. For thousands of years, people have known jade, jade, jade, Tibetan jade, and the wind of songyu, which has a long history, and has gradually formed a unique traditional culture -- jade culture. The mythology, literary works, scientific works and poems of jade are numerous.
That naturally produced fine texture, tough and light ZeRun, color beautiful, singular form, consists of a single mineral or dense aggregation of a variety of minerals, can achieve a certain hardness and technological requirements of the rock are referred to as the "jade". If soft jade, jade, serpentine jade and so on, ancient times have agate, turquoise, even fluorite, talc is also as jade, this inevitably has certain limitation. In the liangzhu culture period, jade cong and jade were made of soft jade, which is best known as khotan. However, the number of serpentine jade and jade in the red mountain culture period is not rare. Jadeite originally came from myanmar. Since qianlong, it has been distributed through yunnan to Beijing, forming a fixed regional circulation culture. So far, the Burmese want jade, not local materials, but to Beijing to buy.
"Jade" in the eyes of the ancients is not only a precious rare beauty of the stone, is also a mystery communication of ghosts and gods of heaven and earth, and therefore in the process of enjoy jade, always follow the principle of "first time", namely the first importance to the quality of the jade, carefully distinguish between true and false, then observe the jade color and appearance. The ancient jade, has the specific nature attribute, has the society's cultural attribute and the compound concept worth our reference. The ancient people emphasized the cultural attribute of jade, which is also the natural attribute of yu's unique "wen yun ying", and endowed the humanistic moral concept. The book of rites and employment records the "jade virtues" summarized by Confucius, which is comprehensive and profound and requires us to take it seriously again.
Today we advocate the new concept of "humanistic mineral" is in the new situation, the double attribute of the mineral and the humanities spirit is very good to inherit and carry forward traditional, the two is consistent, the inherent characteristics, is not for man's will. Jade's appearance is warm and its nature is just to the core, Yin and Yang are harmonious, and it is also the best material carrier for modern humanity. Harmony between man and nature, unity of man and nature, love of nature, return to nature, return to nature, is becoming the new fashion of our times. Nature is patient enough, and if mankind has not been good for a long time, it will pay off.
What kind of lady is this, not only to be buried in the grave, but also to have such a luxurious burial? The mysterious identity of this lady, the jade ornaments that witnessed the millennium love, was especially favored by Chinese and foreign tourists who came to the shanxi museum.
Jade culture: the history of luxury of ancient people.
In the western zhou dynasty, there were larger groups, which were different in size and size according to different periods and levels. In shaanxi baoji zhuyuan ditch, the group pepe is the main body, with beads and tubes; Chang 'an zhangjiashan 58 tomb found that the group is the main body of the three, multiple pieces of beads, tube. The unit of the tomb of 31 is the main body of the six Juan, and the multiple beads. Also found in the tomb of guo guoguo cemetery in sanmenxia, henan province, was a group of seven Juan as the main body and multiple beads. The group, which is now hidden in the national treasure of shanxi museum, is the main body of the group, which is found in the tomb of tomb no. 91 of the tomb of quwo jinhou in Shanxi Province. So far, the largest western zhou group to be found is this one, which is the main body of 45 jade jujubes, the most versatile of the group to date.
In the spring and autumn period, the combination of the jade group tended to be simplified for the convenience of the wearing, and the large jade group quickly withdrew from the historical stage after the short-lived western zhou dynasty.
At that time, the jade group was a combination of politics, morality and superstition. Jade, jade ring, jade dragon, jade decoration and jade tube were all part of the jade group.
Large structures match the complicated group pepe, which is the clothing of the aristocracy for status and power. The higher the status of the tomb owner, the more complicated the structure of the group, the longer the length. This method is the beginning of the western zhou dynasty. Group page reflects the diverse and unified, forms an orderly, essence is "the ritual", is also a kind of order, such as ruler, with the jade, is based on its status, officer, varies from one's identity, pecking moderately, regulate heavily.
Although the contents of jade, such as the type, color and size of jade, may be different from the archaeological findings. But it can also be seen from the west zhou, the use of jade has become a political, institutionalized and ceremonial track. Large groups include the cultural characteristics of this area.
In addition, the original meaning of "propriety" in the western zhou dynasty lies in "harmony". Such as "yizhou book · degree of training" : "zhongfei and non - town, and non - zhongli, Chinese and non - propriety, lilly." The organic combination between the numerous accessories in the group is also the embodiment of this "sum" and "neutralization". The inner beauty of the group is reflected by the complexity of the unity of opposites in its structure.
Jade in the tomb of the jin dynasty --
There are thousands of jade articles unearthed in the tomb of jin hou, not only the largest number, but also the most exquisite.
Since 1992, shanxi quwu north zhao JinHouMu has successively excavation cleaned up 9 group of 19 jinhou and his wife's tomb, od s from the early years of the early western zhou dynasty to the spring and autumn period, unearthed jade thousands, in addition to the baldric jade, jade and etiquette and funeral with the jade and so on.
Jade jade cong, jade, jade food etiquette, jade tomahawk, jade qi, YuGe, etc. One of the animal face jade cong, with the four corners of the middle axis of the abstract animal face, the animal face is covered with yunlei lines, and the liangzhu cultural relic can be seen. The jade ornament and ornamentation are imitated from bronze and are the first to be found. Food dark green jade, small mouth round belly, epaulets phoenix bird patterns, epigastric embossment fire by four disc mesh between lines, lower abdomen act the role of triangle hanging leaf veins, Lao is only 6.2 cm.
In the tomb of jin hou, yuge was also used as a ceremonial soldier, 56 cm long, with teeth in the area, inscribed with the inscription of "the bow of the city", which is precious. The other person of the same tomb, the head of the first god animal, yugo, the long aid to the ridge, inside the two sides are decorated with one side of the face of the first god beast pattern. It is a rare piece of jade. It is a rare jade ware. Most of the jade pieces unearthed in the tomb of the jin dynasty are smaller and are used for wearing with other accessories.
The unearthed jade in the tomb of jinhou is not only the most numerous, but also the most exquisite. You take jade jade, dragon, tiger, bear, horse, cattle, sheep, deer, monkeys, birds, hawk, owl, cicadas, mantis, silkworm, snakes, turtles, fish, etc., rich subject matter, the category, modelling is vivid, recreate themselves. Like jade people, hair ornaments are composed of double dragon grain, jade person round face, thick eyebrow big eyes, broad nose flat mouth. Dressed in a turtleneck, with a short skirt on the right side of the collar, all of them were carved with cross diagonal stripes, waist and trapezium, with arrowheads in front of them. Carved jade horse, as static standing, the overall shape of the dissecting principle, with the double check Yin line moistening the body of the horse, emery cut and soft.
Witness love for three thousand years.
What kind of lady is this, not only to be buried in the grave, but also to have such a luxurious burial?
In the "royal cemetery" in the early jin dynasty, the nine groups of 19 jin hou and his wife's tomb were all monogamous except for the only one. The tomb of no. 62, 63 and 64 is the only one of the two wives in the tomb of jin. No. 64 is the tomb of his wife and his wife.
In the first lady's burial, the archaeologists found the largest combination of jade gift sets in the whole cemetery -- the jade group, which is more than 2 meters long and a superluxury combination. The complex structure, the combination of the structure, the exquisite decorative pattern, can not help the master to wear it in the face of the elegant appearance of the imagination.
The owner of the national treasure is a mysterious woman buried in the "royal cemetery" in the state of jin. In the western week of her life, the level was clear and the etiquette was strict. However, she was the only one in the tomb of a concubine who was buried as a concubine. More than 4,280 pieces were buried in this lady's grave, and more than 800 jade pieces were found in the tomb. Even yuge, as a symbol of power at the time, had more than 12 pieces. The size of such a funeral, even his husband, jin mu hou, the grave of the grave is a lot less.
In the rich collection, this set of more than two meters of jade is the largest collection of jade gift sets unearthed in the whole cemetery. From the inscription of a pair of copper POTS, archaeologists have discovered the name Yang, presumably the owner of the tomb, the second wife of mu hou. According to the analysis of grammar habits at the time, this may be a woman from Yang's marriage to the state of jin.
In the hierarchical patriarchal society, how can one wife have so many high - class funeral products? Such lavish burial objects, let's raise the questions: what is this lady of a minor, not only can buried JinHouMu, also can have such a costly buried, up to now, this is still a mystery......
The earliest grinded jade ware is basically plain without grain, and its shape is mostly simple agricultural production tools, such as axe, knife, shovel, etc., which are easy to be processed. In the book, the book says: "when emperor huangdi, jade is a soldier, with the trees as the palace, chisel ground." It is said that during the reign of emperor wudi of the three emperors, the people had used the tools and instruments such as "meishi" to make jin and axe. "Bing" refers to the instrument, the word elephant is two hold jin shape. These shapes can be seen from the red mountain culture, the longshan culture and the qi family culture.
The "dance of the dance" has been polite. Some people say: jade is from the "beautiful voice" of jade to get the feeling, so that the stone chime, jade chime as a musical instrument, this is also used for the music god. "Ritual music" was originally set up as a worship god, and jade was also made to worship god and sacrifice god.
Jade's mystique is shrouded in theological color, and is also reflected in jade as "totem". "Totem" is regarded by the clan society as the symbol of "national soul". Liangzhu jade jade god emblem is the earliest in the "book of prophecy in the world", from the jade art position of the door is opened, the jade is endowed with the mystery of the ideological content, reflected in the shape of each period.
In the early days, according to the animal graphic, the jade has a certain status. In the era of "animism", people believed that animals also had gods, and the "hook dragon" of hongshan culture was a jade device that worshipped the gods. At that time, there were some special jade articles which were more mysterious.
In the view of ancient, medieval and han dynasty jade, it can be considered that there must be some kind of decoration and decorative pattern. "Shape must be intentionally" is the characteristic of early jade, and also the main feature of jade in feudal times. Social development to the han dynasty, jade shape gradually had the very big change and development, close to the real life is the basic characteristic, the increase in decorative jade ingredients deep original shape become lively and the new aesthetic idea started a new era of jade shape.
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The origin of the real jade culture, my personal appearance, and the appearance of the decoration has a great relationship. In pairs, such as ring and ring, this is the origin stage of jade, which is also persuasive and representative of some kinds of objects, jade culture is still from the origin of decoration jade. Some people say it's earlier in Europe, and I think it's the same thing as a stone. People have yet to find another concept of the jade itself. That's what it is.
The second is universality. In the north and south of China, the main rivers have the inheritance of Chinese jade culture. There is a wide distribution circle in east Asia. The only exception is Japan. Japan has the jade in the dragon period, the big pearl of the emerald in Hokkaido. Our country has no jadeite, our emerald comes in very late, early qing dynasty. But the Japanese dragon period had jade, China did not, nor the northeast. Factors but also have some jade culture, its jade culture is affected by the mainland jade culture, its jade culture to a certain age, there is no future, but also save as the festival of some kind of custom of jade. But it is very common in China. Like Taiwan, a small island also has jade culture, its development is very distinctive; In the culture of British Columbia, there is a maximum number of rings. But there is a problem more strange is the Bronze Age and neolithic in xinjiang, the xinjiang region of the neolithic concept is not very clear, the jade culture development is a big gap. Dr. Wu once dug a water tomb with a piece of hetian jade and nothing else, although its jade mineral resources are rich, but also related to its national character. But generally speaking, the Yangtze river, the pearl river, and the liaohe river in the northeast have the distribution of jade culture.
The third one is continuity. Until now, there have been peaks and low tides, but it has continued uninterrupted.
The fourth is humanism. In prehistoric times, there were some ideas about jade, and it was quite remarkable that we knew the six rui and the six, which were all produced in the neolithic age. And the dragon and phoenix have been born. The dragon is undoubtedly the red mountain culture from the northeast region. Why do we say that, we recognize that in the neolithic period, there could be a lot, not just a point. Like teacher li (li jianmin) said, because in the pottery temple culture there is a dragon, there is a dragon on the tray; There are dragons in shijiazhe culture; Lingjiatan culture also has dragons; Liangzhu culture also has dragon; Like the central plains, xishi slope also has dragons. But why the dragon is from the liao river, it has a distinct cultural inheritance relationship. In addition, the red mountain culture of jade pig dragon or C dragon, the distribution area is extensive, several hundred thousand square kilometers of the range, the discovery site is much. Like ling jiatan, a dragon is hardly the origin of Chinese jade culture. To the later influence, the impact to three generations of jade, this inside is very clear. For example, we look at the dragon of the group that was unearthed in yinxu and lingjiazhuang, which inherits the dragon of the red mountain, such as the dragon of the west zhou dynasty. In the spring and autumn period, the dragon with S - shaped body was formed. Then it changed, it changed a lot. The dragon of the han dynasty in shandong province is similar to that of samsung, so the origin of the dragon should be in the liao river.
Feng's origin is in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river, shijiazhe culture of the phoenix. Hongshan culture M4 (unearthed from tomb number), my personal humble opinions, there is a jade swan, often writing papers, also called chicken, then most scholars think or swan, it is difficult to talk about chicken. If compared with feng, I am afraid that the feng of the tomb of the Yin ruins, and the phoenix of the tomb of the women, is the phoenix of the shijia river culture. Scholars have different opinions. One opinion is that there are some jade objects in the tomb of a woman, like red mountain, but it is difficult to tell which things are red mountains. So far, I have not seen the red mountain jade in the tomb. Some scholars think so. However, hunan unearthed two, shape is valuable.such handiwork of a thing, obviously has the characteristics of longshan era, but the phoenix's head characteristics of the basic shape is almost the same, long beak, pointed beak, I personally think that this possibility is not too big, the tomb of fu hao chicken is Shi Guhe chicken, it's hard to tell. The one unearthed in hunan province is a kind of sculpture, but its long beak is almost a style. But two kinds, one is the round carving, one is the chip carving, the transmission. But after all, the phoenix of shijiazhuang is still curled up, the phoenix of the good tomb is spread out. Or there are different, I think there may be adhering to the process, but it's hard to tell, why do you say, even to hebei dragon Jiang Guliang region, even if that dragon is a look at is the edge of hongshan district a style, unlike the hongshan district. In the concept of phoenix, I think phoenix is in the middle of the Yangtze river, this is not a problem.
Both chifeng and liaoxi were thought to be the land of the dragon and phoenix, both of which have been produced in prehistoric times, but from the present evidence, the dragon is still in the liaohe river, and the phoenix is in the middle of the Yangtze river. It is almost such a development trend. These things, such as "six rui" or "six organs", including the concept of dragon and phoenix, provide us with a great space for thinking. You can do more in these areas. It is hoped that in these aspects, besides some morphological comparisons, the study of philology should also mention the agenda. It is very difficult to get involved in the study of yuli without the support of literature.
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